MACHINE-TO-MACHINE LEACH BASED CROSS-LAYER PROTOCOL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Abstract

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a group of sensor nodes that enables the monitoring of a variety of environmental information for various applications. In WSNs, it is very important to operate a sensor network for a long time to achieve the intended purpose. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Protocol (LEACH) is a clustering technique that provides solution to the short life span of a network. It is a self-organized protocol that has been modified with different parameters and direction to achieve long life span of WSN. The demand for information and increase in deployed sensor nodes per area has created limitation for performance of WSN in terms of long life span and energy utilization. Most modifications on LEACH as a solution to energy efficiency in WSN did not capture solution to the effect of this increase. This work was carried out on the scenario of large number of nodes in an area and large number of nodes per cluster to achieve efficient energy utilization and distribution. It entails utilization of contention window (CW) adjustment for effective communication within clusters, efficient number of clusters based on deployed nodes and number of neighbors. This technique divides the nodes in a coverage area into clusters. These divided nodes sense data from the field and forward to their respective cluster heads that will in turn send to the upper parent nodes in the upper hierarchy till the packet gets to the sink. The intra cluster communication occurs between nodes in a cluster and cluster heads. The conventional means of intra cluster communication is through direct transmission since it is assumed that the nodes in a cluster are many, the cluster members would compete for channel access to forward their individual packets to the cluster heads. When the CW is small it leads to high collision and loss of data and degradation of the network performance when the CW is high It leads to waste of channel resources. Optimum contention window adjustment where the active number of nodes is taken into consideration when CW is selected for effective channel utilization and reduction of collision was utilized. The high demand of information has led to high number of nodes per coverage area which has become a problem for WSN with direct transmission. Contention Window LEACH (CW_LEACH) showed better performance and longer network lifetime. The total number of rounds of communication was increased by 16% when simulated on MATLAB. The total successful transmission was 2400. This ensured maximization of energy of the nodes through proper utilization of channel, less idle listening and over hearing. This method can be applied in IoT and devices on 5G.