School of Infrastructure Process Engineering and Technology (SIPET)
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School of Infrastructure Process Engineering and Technology (SIPET)
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Item Optimization of Operating Parameters in the Extraction of Caustic Potash (KOH) from Palm Kernel Bunch (An Agricultural By-Product) Ash(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2001) Eterigho E. J.Extraction of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch ash was carried out at various temperatures and times. This paper therefore highlights the effect of temperature and time on the yield of potassium hydroxide from palm kernel bunch. It further optimized these parameters called operating parameters to get the best-fitted combination of temperature and time that gives the maximum yield of potassium hydroxide. The various data were used to form an objective function, with yield as dependent variable. The temperatures and times were used as the independent variables. The most suitable equation was selected based on regression analysis and optimized using the one-at-a-time method. The result shows that the optimum yield was 33.78% at 630.76°C and 9 hours 9 minutes for temperature and ashing period respectively.Item Recovery of Zinc and Manganese dioxide from spent Zn-C dry cells(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2001-04) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.Hydrometallurgical process is used to recover zinc and manganese dioxide (MnO,) from spent zinc-carbon dry cell. The process, which involves electroplating of zinc and oxidation of manganese dioxide, allows for easy separation of the components. The design can produce 10kg/day of MnO, and zinc, made up of 5.38 kg. of MnO, and 4.62 kg. of zinc per day. Other metals, which are recovered in the process, include mercury, nickel and iron. The annual production cost is estimated at about A3,088,775 for a total production rate of 3000kg per year, giving a profit of N1, 651,104.69.Item Formulation of Hydraulic Brake Fluid Using Castor Oil as A Base Stock: Physiochemical Properties of Castor Oil and the hydraulic fluid(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2002) Eterigho E. J.; Edoga M. O.Indirect leaching was used to extract castor oil from the castor beans. A hydraulic brake fluid was formulated by mixing the castor oil, solvents and other additives at various proportions using unifactor design approach. Both the castor oil and brake fluid was analysed to determine their physiochemical properties. Results show that the castor oil has high viscosities of 29.29Cst and 19.54Cst at 40oC and 100 oC , respectively, specific gravity of 0.927 at 30oC/30oC, acid and saponification values of 3.5 and 186.0 respectively. On the other hand, the best fitted formulation (Castor oil, solvent and additives) of hydraulic brake fluid has reduced viscosities of 19.54Cst and 2.33 Cst at 40°C and 100°C respectively. The flash and boiling points were found to be 124.25 and 220.05 respectively.Item Canarium Shwelfurthll (Persley) A Source of Vegetable Oil(Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASAE), 2002) Eterigho E. J.Indirect leaching was used to extract oil from Canarium shwelfurthll (commonly called Persley fruit). The leaching was carried out in three stages at different particle sizes and time. From the analysis, particle size 0.250mm gave the highest yield, which are 31.50%, 37.80%, 42.30% and 42.38% at various time for the three stages respectively. The extracted persley oil was characterized. "The saponification value was 191.44, while the acid was 0.622, peroxide 10.42, iodine 86.04 and free fatty acid 1.41 respectively. The specific gravity and refractive index were 0.912 and 1.466 respectively.Item Development and Characterization of Lubricating Oil from Petroleum Base Source (500N)(Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education (JOSTMED), 2003) Kefas H. M.; Edoga M. O.; Kovo A. S.; Eterigho E. J.Lubricating oils were formulated from a petroleum base oil (500N oil) obtained from Nigerian National Petroleum corporation (NNPC) using simplex lattice design. Subsequently, the lubricant samples were characterized according to ASTM methods to define the following physicochemical properties: kinematic viscosity (at 40"C and 100°C), specific gravity, API gravity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, total base number and appearances. The results showed that the samples were of the motor oil grades of SAE 30, SAE 40 and SAE and 20W50 based on their viscosities. Samples 5 and 6 of SAE20 and W50 grades were the best since they have specifications close to the acceptable standards world wide with viscosity indices of 126 and 124, respectively,Item Spent Zn-C Dry Cells as a Source of Manganese(Nigerian Journal of Engineering and Development (NJERD), 2004) Eterigho E. J.; Adediran Y. A.This paper presents a possible way of enhancing the availability of raw materials for our local battery industry. Spent Zn-C dry cells were collected pre-treated and subjected to various processes like grinding. leaching, and alkalization. The method used is called the hydrometallurgical method, which allows for easy separation of the various components of the spent cell Manganese, dioxide was extracted from the spent dry cells (Zn-C) and hydrogen gas was passed over it to produce manganese metal. From the process, 5.38kg/day of manganese was recovered. This shows about 91% of manganese recovered.Item Problems and Challenges of Synthesis of Zeolite and Zeolite-Like Micro-Porous Materials in Nigeria(The 1st Nigeria Conference on Zeolite at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria., 2006) Edoga, M. O.; Eterigho, E. J.; Kovo, A. S.; Ali, M. S.In the last few years considerable effort has been made targeted at the synthesis of zeolite and zeolite-like microporous materials with predetermined physicochemical and catalytic properties. However, the position of Nigeria in this global feat cannot be easily defined hence the need for this paper. The problems of zeolite synthesis in Nigeria were highlighted. This is due basically to the non-availability of equipment to conduct detailed analysis of the raw materials and product as well as lack of technical know-how in the area of zeolite synthesis. Also, the absence of common platform for zeolite scientists and technologist for cross fertilization of ideas is another set-back. In this paper, solution was also proffered which if well implemented will launch Nigeria into the amazing world of zeolite and its applications.Item Investigation into the Properties of Clay doped with Silver Ion for Use as a Catalyst(Journal of Science and Technology Research (JSTR), 2007) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, O. D.The work on the investigation into the properties of clay doped with silver ion for use as a catalyst has been carried out. The clay sample from llorin from llorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was ground, sieved and calcined in a furnace at a temperature of 550- 600'C for a period of 6hrs. The sample was doped with silver ion using 0.2M of NaOH/NaCl Solution with 0.2M AgNO, in a ratio 2:1. The sample was than analyzed using X-ray fluorescence equipment (XRF) [Cement X-ray spectrometer, PW 1660, Philips X-ray Analyser) with a monitor. The following results were obtained 33.44% SiO2, 23.11% 1120g, 9.87% Fe203, 3.86% CaO, 1.98% MgO, 0.01% SO3, 0.87% K,0, 0.71% Na2O, 8.61% L.O.I, 3.03% L.S.F, 1.01S/R and 2.34% A/R for the calcined sample. While that of the doped samples are 33.15% SO2, 22.10 Al203, 9.23%Fe203, 4,44% CaO, 1.99% MgO, 0.04% SO3, 0.96% K2O, 8.10 L. O.1, 3.55 L.S.F, 1.06 S/R and 2.39 A/R. These results when compare with samples having catalytic properties was found to be suitable for use as a catalyst.Item Physical Characteristics of Ukpor and Ahoko Clay deposit for use as industrial raw materials(Advanced Materials Research: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, 2007-06-15) Eterigho, E. J.; Olutoye, M. A.The physical properties of some Nigerian clays were studied in order to determine their suitability for a variety of industrial applications. From the analysis, the specific gravity of Ukpor and Ahoko clays were 1.89 and 2.26 respectively and the Plasticity Index 26.05% and 22.45%, drying shrinkage was 18.90% and 8.2% and particle size distribution showed that the samples are clays. The results show that the physical properties of the clays are within the specifications for kaolin clays and are suitable for industrial usesItem Determination of the Kinetic Parameters in Adhesive Production(2008) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, E. J.; Agbajelola, D. O.This work is aimed at developing a mathematical model to determine the concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide pollutant in air from the gas flare of a refinery. To achieve this, experimental data on concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide from Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company Nigeria were collected and the dispersion model was developed based on Gaussian distribution principle. The simulation of the model was carried out using visual basic programming. It was observed from the simulated result that the gas dispersion model developed for Hydrogen Sulphide showed a remarkable agreement with the dispersion pattern, and agrees with the experimental results with a correlation co efficient of 0.98. Thus, the model can be used to determine the safe distance for human habitation from an industrial area and the refinery in particular.Item Quality Improvement of an Acid Treated Fuel Oil(Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 2008-01) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Olutoye, M. A.The work on the quality improvement of fuel oil using acid treatment was carried out. The improvement of the fuel oil was done using sulphuric acid to remove contaminants. Sulphuric acid at different concentrations were mixed with the oil and kept at 45°C for four hours in the agitator vessel to allow reaction to take place. Acidic sludge was then drained off from the agitator and the oil was neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Centrifugation operation was used to extract the sulphonate dispersed in the oil. The treated and untreated oils were characterized for various properties and the results showed that the viscosity, total sulphur of fuel oil decreased from 6.0 to before 5.0 cst after acid treatment and 2.57 to 1.2225% w/w respectively while the flash point increased from 248 to 264°F. The water and sediment content increased from trace before to 0.6 after treatment. In addition, the calorific value increased from initial value of 44,368 to 44,805 and 44,715 kJ/kg at 50% and 75% conc. H2SO4 while decreasing with 85% and 90% conc. H2SO4. However, both carbon residue and ash content decreases with an increase in acid concentration.Item Modelling of a Gas Absorption Column for CO2-NaOH System under Unsteady-State Regime(Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 2008-01) OLUTOYE, Moses Aderemi; ETERIGHO, Elizabeth JumokeThe research work on the unsteady state behaviour of gas absorption column for CO2-NaOH system was carried out using the armfield gas absorption column. A model equation was developed by considering material balance around the system. The concentrations of the inlet and outlet liquid streams and the gas outlet stream varied as functions of time, while all other parameters, gas inlet stream concentration, and tank volume, were constant. Model equations were derived for the time dependent parameters and the model compared with experiments conducted for duration of 90 minutes showed that 0.2 gram mole/litre of NaOH solution reacts with CO2 to give 0.1 gram mole/litre of Na2CO3.This clearly shows that the results of experiments conducted were in agreement with the model resultsItem Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of two Forms of Sulphated Zirconia for Biofuel Production by Triglyceride Cracking(Bioenergy III Conference: Present and New Perspectives on Biorefineries Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, 2011-05-22) Eterigho, E. J.; Lee, J. G. M.; Harvey, A. P.Catalyst technology has a substantial impact on the sustainability of industrial processes, products, environment, the economics and quality of life of any country. Currently the world is becoming increasingly, environmentally aware and renewable transport fuels such as biodiesel are becoming increasingly prevalent. Currently, the major technical challenges in conventional biodiesel production (by transesterification with methanol) are: unwanted side reactions, difficult downstream separations, and ensuring sustainability l"?. Catalysis can make a significant contribution to improving this process, as the load on downstream processes would be greatly reduced, and the flow sheet greatly simplified, thereby reducing capital cost. However, another catalytic-based solution is heterogeneously catalysed vegetable oil cracking 2) This would remove the dependence on methanol, which is seldom produced. sustainably and is a significant process cost. Current challenges to catalysis of this reaction include maximizing efficiency and ensuring that the catalyst is chemically and thermally stable, and can be regenerated Catalytic properties are strongly affected by preparation method 3). Hence it is necessary for researchers to investigate different methods of preparation in order to optimise catalyst performance. Sulphated zirconia is a super-acid catalyst, used for many organic reactions. However, it has been found to be susceptible to leaching, rapid deactivation during catalytic reactions and a relatively small surface area when prepared through the conventional method.Item COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND LARGE CENTRAL ISLAND ROTARIES IN MINNA, NIGERIA(SAVAP International, 2013) Abubakar, Mahmud; Ndoke, P. N.Of recent, the government of Niger state has embarked on the construction of roundabouts with small central island rotaries; this paper compares the performance of large central island rotaries with small central island rotaries. The performance of large central island rotaries compares well to the performance of small central island rotaries. Capacities of rotaries with small islands were found to be higher than capacities of large central island rotaries while the delay for large central island rotaries was found to be higher than that of small central island rotaries. However, both large and small central island rotaries were found to be operating at the same level of service. This study provides recommendations to traffic engineers and/or planners on the conditions under which both central island rotaries perform better and, thus, should be considered.Item Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Rice Winnowing Machine.(2013) Balami, A. A.; Fadiji, S. T.; Suleiman, A.; Simeon, Meshack Imologie; Muhammad, I. A.; Hussani, M. S; Mshelia, Z. A.Item EVENT RECONSTRUCTION BY INVERSE METHODS(2014) O. A. Olugboji; J. Y. JiyaThis work deals with an inversion technique that was developed to reconstruct a pulse after it has propagated along a pipe; a complex pulse that is progressively distorted as explained. The technique developed makes use of the theory of inverse problemsItem Effect of Modification on Conventional Preparation Method for Sulphated Zirconia on the Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester(Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2014-06) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Farrow, T. Salome; Ogbuka, P. ChidiSulphated zirconia was synthesized using different volume of sulphating agent in order to optimize its catalytic property: (1) in the first case the “conventional” 15 ml H2SO4 to 1g of Zr(OH)4 for impregnation was used in wet-precipitation method and the catalyst designated ‘wp’ and (2) same procedure but with modification in volume of acid; 2 ml of H2SO4 was used for 1g of Zr(OH)4, ‘mwp’. The properties of the uncalcined and calcined catalysts were examined by various techniques: EDX, XPS, XRDP, Py-DRIFTS and BET nitrogen adsorption techniques. The sulphur content in the uncalcined (‘mwp’ and ‘wp’) catalysts was the same; 0.07 mol each whereas the calcined catalysts were 0.07 mol and 0.05 mol for ‘mwp’ and ‘wp’ respectively. BET surface area was determined to be 65.0 m2/g for wp and 101m2/g for ‘mwp’. The effect of the variation of sulphating agent on the catalyst activity was investigated in catalytic cracking of triglycerides for fatty acid methyl esters. Sulphated zirconia from the modified conventional method was found to perform better than the conventional wet-precipitated sulphated zirconia. Furthermore, ‘mwp’ retained approximately 74 % of its sulphur content after 3 h reaction whereas ‘wp’ catalyst lost 100% during the reaction as indicated by SEM-EDX. Interestingly, the results show variation in characterization and in their selectivity to different types of fatty acid methyl esters under the same reaction conditions. The ‘mwp’ catalyst showed higher catalytic activity for methyl ester yield of 40 % as well as higher selectivity for saturated methyl estersItem PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HYDROPOWER GENERATING PLANTS(International Engineering Conference (IEC), 2015) J. Y. Jiya; A. Nasir; H. U. Ogboo; A. SalihuThis paper studies the performance of ahydropower scheme in Nigeria which contributes to an acute electricity supplyand has effects on the country’s development. This does not only restrict the socioeconomic activities to basic human needs, but also adversely affecting the quality of life too.The expected full load installed capacity for the hydropower scheme is 522.74MW but the generated capacity for the period under review is 305.147MW. Only about 40% of the installed capacity was available. Average Capacity factor for this hydropower scheme is 47%, min. of 25% in 2014 and max. of 83% in 2013 as against the industrial best practice of 50 – 80%.Total generation reduction due to downtime of the hydropower scheme is 28165773MWh amounting to 53% of the total installed capacity. Based on Power generation reduction of 53% the loss of revenue in naira was about 186 Billion naira.To improve the annual power generation, a complete overhauling of all the generators and adequate water management practice must be in place so that the available water can sustain generation throughout the year.Item Problem of calculating time delay between pulse arrivals(American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 2015) O. A. Olugboji; J. Y. Jiya; C. K. AjaniThis work compares the performance of four different methods of estimating the time delay between pulse arrivals at the sensors subjected to different levels of attenuation, distortion and noise. The accuracy of the calculated time between the pulse arrivals at the sensors is determined and analysed for each of the methods based on the ideal attenuation (no change in shape), ideal attenuation with added noise to the pulse signal and ideal attenuation but with distortion. Based on the analysis carried out, it is clear the cross correlation method gives the best estimate of the delay in pulse arrival times irrespective of the signal to noise ratio and so is the preferred technique used in the remainder of this research.Item Design and Construction of a Spring Stiffness Testing Machine(American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 2015) O. A. Olugboji; M. S. Abolarin; J. Y. Jiya; G. M. Alaya; C. K. AjaniA spring stiffness testing machine was produced which differentiates a good spring from bad one using hydraulic principle and locally sourced materials were used to produce at relative low cost and high efficiency. It also categories each spring by stiffness into one of several distinct categories based on its performance under test. This is to ensure that in the final assembly process, springs with similar performance characteristics are mated to ensure a better ride, more précised handling and improved overall vehicle or equipment performance. The construction of the machine involves basically the fabrication process which includes such operation as cutting, benching, welding, grinding, drilling, machining, casting and screw fastening. Taken into consideration under test, were types of compression springs with varying spring loading and their different displacement recorded at different pressures to compare their stiffness.