School of Physical Sciences (SPS)
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Item A TWO POINT BLOCK HYBRID METHOD FOR SOLVING STIFF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS(JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, 2011) Muhammad RIn this paper, a self starting hybrid method of order (3, 3,3) is proposed for the solution of stiff initial value problem of the form y' = f(x.y). The continous formation of the integrator enables us to differentiate and evaluate at grid and off grid points. The schemes compared favourably with exact results and results from Okunuga (2008)Item Evaluation of Amino Acids in the Milk Preparations from Tiger Nut Rhizome and Its Mixed Varieties(IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS), 2013-10) Salau, Rasaq Bolakale; Aminu, Muhammad; Bisiriyu, M. T; Bamidele, K. G; Bishir, UsmanThe amino acid composition of yellow and brown tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk preparations and their mixtures were studied. The mixed variety was prepared by mixing equal proportions of the two varieties. The milk preparation was obtained by blending and subsequent expression of the milk.. Protein analysis started with the hydrolysis of the milk preparation with HCl for 23hrs, and the resulting amino acids were quantified with amino acid analyser (Technicom TSM-1). The % nitrogen for the yellow, Brown and the mixture are 3.72, 3.24 and 2.22, respectively. Arginine has the highest value of 15.87, 16.22 and 19.20 g/100g respectively conferring the same order of amino acid basicity. Methionine and tyrosine are the lowest (0.60 and 0.63, 0.68 and 0.48, 0.49 and 0.48 g/100g protein) respectively. Tryptophan is not prominently associated with the myriad of essential amino acids of tiger nut milk. It was not detectable in any of the varieties. The overall result of the study showed that tiger nut milk is a rich source of protein. It can also be consumed as a valuable substitute for conventional cow's milk and other known milk sources. The milk prepared from the mixed variety exhibited a synergistic effect as it combined some beneficial amino acids that either of the two varieties lacks.Item Reformulation of Block Implicit Linear Multistep Method into Runge Kutta Type Method for Initial Value Problem(International Journal of Science and Technology Publications UK, 2015-04) Muhammad R; Y.A Yahaya; A.S. AbdulkareemIn this research work, we reformulated the block hybrid Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) for 𝑘=4 into Runge Kutta Type Method (RKTM) of the same step number for the solution of Initial value problem in Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). The method can be use to solve both first and second order (special or general form). It can also be extended to solve higher order ODE. This method differs from conventional BDF as derivation is done only onceItem Assessment of Water Quality of Bosso Water-Board using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method(36th AGM and 16th International Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers (NIAE, GOBARAU, 2015), Katsina State, 2015-10-15) Animashaun, I. M.; Otache, M. Y.; Ojodu, A. B.,; Kuti, I. A.; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Garuba, A. OInformation on a method that can be used to ascertain status of potable water consumed by the public is very important. Water from Bosso Water-board was assessed at the Water Board and at the consumer end using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method. Water samples collected were analyzed for twelve parameters (pH, Electrical conductivity, Chloride, Total dissolve solids, Iron, Alkalinity, Nitrite, Nitrate, Zinc, Phosphate and E.coli). The results of the analysis were used in computing Water Quality Index. The index for Water-board, Location A, B, and C were 5.96, 119.13, 60.71 and 57.66, respectively. These results showed that water sample from Bosso Water-board is fit for drinking, but samples from the consumer end were unfit. The implication is that pipe borne water supply from the Boards can pose a threat to the health of the public when consumed.Item Investigation of the Phytochemical and Nutritional Potentials of Locally Prepared Aqueous Extract of Sorghum Vulgare’s Stalk(Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (JOSTMED), 2015-12) Salau, Rasaq Bolakale; Aminu, Muhammad; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Momoh, B. A.; Bishir, Usman; Ahmed, SalisuSorghum vulgare is a beneficial plant whose stalks are still under-explored. The need to examine its nutritional and medicinal values becomes critical as its stalk decoctions are becoming widespread local drink preparations. Samples of sorghum (guinea corn) were obtained from six selected farmlands in Minna, the North central zone of Nigeria. They were dried, finely ground and kept as both whole and extract samples. Extraction by the decoction method was used. Proximate composition and elemental determinations were carried out on both sample types. Phytochemical screening was also carried out on only aqueous extract, which is the only form in which the local drinks are prepared and consumed. The proximate shows prominent contents of ash, crude fibre, crude fat and carbohydrate values of whole and extract samples value which are (3.00%, 15%), (36.47%, Nil), (16.00%, 11.50%), (32.41%, 73.05%) respectively. Similarly,, the mean load of major essential elements (Ca, Na, K and Mg) in mg/100g of the two forms showed (24.50, 40.30), (23.30, 15.70), (212.20, 142.90) and (14.00, 13.30). The mean load of trace essential elements: Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu gives (52.00, 25.00), (5.10, 5.60), (2.80, 2.70), and (0.70, 0.30), respectively. The aqueous extract showed a prominent presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, tannins and saponins,, while flavonoids were moderately present. The overall studies show that sorghum stalk possibly is not only capable of supplying nutrients but also could be a potential part of medicinal therapeutic formations.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRGIN ASPHALTENES AND ITS SUBFRACTIONS USING UV-VISIBLE AND FTIR SPECTROSCOPY(School of Physical Sciences, 2017-05-05) Bisiriyu, M. T.; Idris, S.; Garba, H. A.; Yelwa, A. S.; Muhammad, A. B.; Faruq, U. Z.Spectroscopic characterization of asphaltene is necessary in order to understand the changes it undergoes when heavy and extra-heavy oil types such as bitumen are subjected to catalytic aquathermolysis. The structural composition of asphaltene and its subfractions were investigated using UV/Visible and FTIR Spectroscopy. Raw bitumen sample was obtained from the bitumen deposit at Mile 2 in Odigbo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The sample was purified and the asphaltene fraction was precipitated with n-hexane, the precipitated asphaltene was fractionated into fractions A and B based on their difference in solubility and polarity with hexane/toluene mixture at a fixed ratio. The results showed that virgin asphaltene and its subfractions absorbed light of longer wavelength in the range (465 640 nm), indicating that they are made up of polynuclear aromatic compounds. The results also revealed the presence of alkyl side chains and major oxygenated groups in both virgin asphaltene and its subfractions (A and B). In general, asphaltene are complex molecular compound which consists of aromatic moieties with alkyl side chains, polar groups (esther, ether and carbonyl), acidic and basic groups (carboxylic and pyridine) which can interact at certain pH range by accepting or donating protonsItem A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF YELLOW FEVER DISEASE DYNAMICS INCORPORATING SPECIAL SATURATION INTERACTIONS FUNCTIONS(1st SPS Biennial International Conference Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2017-05-05) Akinwande, N. I.; Abdulrahman, S.; Ashezua, T. T.; Somma, Samuel AbuWe proposed an Mathematical Model of Yellow Fever Disease Dynamics Incorporating Special Saturation Process functions, obtained the equilibrium states of the model equations and analyzed same for stability. Conditions for the elimination of the disease in the population are obtained as constraint inequalities on the parameters using the basic reproduction number 0 R demographic and epidemiological data. . Graphical simulations are presented using someItem SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MEASLES DISEASE INCORPORATING TEMPORARY PASSIVE IMMUNITY(1st SPS Biennial International Conference Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2017-05-05) Somma, Samuel Abu; Akinwande, N. I.Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of those infected. Measles antibodies are transferred from mothers who have been vaccinated against measles or have been previously infected with measles to their newborn children. These antibodies are transferred in low amounts and usually last six months or less. In this paper a mathematical model of measles disease was formulated incorporating temporary passive immunity. There exist two equilibria in the model; Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and Endemic Equilibrium (EE). The Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) state was analyzed for local and global stability. The Basic Reproduction Number 0 R was computed and used to carried out the sensitivity analysis with some parameters of the mode. The analysis shows that as contact rate increases the 0 as the vaccination rate v increases the 0 R decreases. Sensitive parameters with the R R 0 increases and were presented graphically. The disease will die out of the population if the attention is given to high level immunization.Item Local Stability Analysis of a Tuberculosis Model incorporating Extensive Drug Resistant Subgroup(Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2017-05-25) Eguda, F. Y.; Akinwande, N. I.; Abdulrahman, S.; Kuta, F. A.; Somma, Samuel AbuThis paper proposes a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Tuberculosis incorporating extensive drug resistant subgroup. The effective reproduction number c R was obtained and conditions for local stability of the disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium states were established. Numerical simulations confirmed the stability analysis and further revealed that unless proper measures are taken against typical TB, progression to XDR-TB, mortality and morbidity of infected individuals shall continue to rise.Item Local Stability Analysis of a River Blindness Disease Model with Control(Pacific Journal of Science and Technology., 2018-05-12) Oguntolu, F. A.; Bolarin, G. A.; Somma, Samuel Abu; Bello, A. O.In this paper, a mathematical model to study the dynamics of River Blindness is presented. The existence and uniqueness of solutions of the model were examined by actual solution. The effective reproduction number was obtained using the next generation matrix. The Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) State was obtained and analysed for stability. It was found that, the DFE State is Locally Asymptotically Stable (LAS) if the effective unstable if reproduction number R 0 1 .Item Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil in the Vicinities of Two Major Municipal Dumpsites in Minna, Nigeria(J. Chem Soc. Nigeria,, 2019-01-18) Lawal, U. F. Lawal; Jacob, J. O.; Yisa, J.; Bisiriyu, M. T.This study assesses the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, as well as some physico-chemical properties of surface soils in the vicinity of Gurusu and Kuyi dumpsites in Minna City, Nigeria, using standard analytical methods. The soil is generally sandy with a pH ranging from 5.20 (slightly acidic) to 8.67 (slightly alkaline). Organic matter content of the soil ranged from 1.0 to 12% while the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ranged from 12 to 120meq/g. The range of mean concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metals in the Gurusu dumpsite were: Pb(0.71 - 19.51), Cd(2.22 - 2.80), Ni(23.55 - 45.39), Cu(16.74 - 50.37) and Zn(9.52 - 55.73), while that of Kuyi dumpsite were: Pb(37.35 - 54.29), Cd(4.19 - 4.67), Ni(2.83 -10.52), Cu(25.13 - 40.78) and Zn(1.05 - 22.42). The low clay contents, low organic matter and high Cation Exchange Capacity are capable of enhancing metal mobility. Generally, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil decrease with distance from the dump heap in both dumpsites and are higher in the dumpsites than the control sites. This showed that the dumpsites were major contributors to the heavy metal build-up in their vicinities and that the dumpsites were appreciably contaminated by these metals. The concentrations of the heavy metals Pb and Cd in soil samples of both dumpsites were found to be generally higher than the WHO permissive limit for agricultural soils. This calls for concern as these metals are highly toxic and of no known biochemical importance.Item Mathematical Modelling for the Effect of Malaria on the Heterozygous and Homozygous Genes(6th International Conference on Mathematical Analysis and Optimization: Theory and Applications (ICAPTA 2019), 2019-03-29) Abdurrahman, N. O.; Akinwande, N. I.; Somma, Samuel AbuThis paper models the effect of malaria on the homozygous for the normal gene (AA), heterozygous for sickle cell gene (AS) and homozygous for sickle cell gene (SS) using the first order ordinary differential equation. The Diseases Free Equilibrium (DFE) was obtained and used to compute the basic reproduction Number Ro. The local stability of the (DFE) was analyzed.Item Differential Transformation Method (DTM) for Solving Mathematical Modelling of Monkey Pox Virus Incorporating Quarantine(Proceedings of 2nd SPS Biennial International Conference Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2019-06-26) Somma, Samuel Abu; Akinwande, N. I.; Abdurrahman, N. O.; Zhiri, A. B.In this paper the Mathematical Modelling of Monkey Pox Virus Incorporating Quarantine was solved semi-analytically using Differential Transformation Method (DTM). The solutions of difference cases were presented graphically. The graphical solutions gave better understanding of the dynamics of Monkey pox virus, it was shown that effective Public Enlightenment Campaign and Progression Rate of Quarantine are important parameters that will prevent and control the spread of Monkey Pox in the population.Item Local and Global Stability Analysis of a Mathematical Model of Measles Incorporating Maternally-Derived-Immunity(Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Mathematics & Computational Sciences (ICAMCS),, 2019-10-19) Somma, Samuel Abu; Akinwande, N. I.; Gana, P.In this paper, the local stabilities of both the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and Endemic Equilibrium (EE) were analyzed using the Jacobian matrix stability technique. The global stabilities were analyzed using Lyapunov function. The analysis shows that the DFE is locally and globally stable if the basic reproduction number R 0 1 R 0 1 and R 0 1 respectively. The EE is also locally and globally stable if . Vaccination and recovery rates have been shown from the graphical presentation as the important parameter that will eradicate measles from the population.Item Mathematical Modeling of Algae Population Dynamics on the Surface of Water(2019-11-12) Abdurrahman, O. N.; Akinwande, N. I.; Somma, Samuel AbuThe paper presented an analytical solution of the exponential growth model of algae population dynamics on the water surface. The Computer Symbolic Algebraic Package, MAPLE is used to simulate the graphical profiles of the population with time while varying the parameters, such as diffusion and rate of change of algae density, governing the subsistence or extinction of the water organisms.Item Evaluation and Chemometric Analysis of the Mineral Profile of Locally Prepared Soups in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria(J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, 2020-02-07) Salau, R. B.; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Abdullahi, Zalihat; Andrew, Alheri; Aremu, M. O.; Olushola, I. O.; Mohammed, A. K.Minerals are an indispensable part of a complete diet for humans. This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of five of these minerals; three essential minerals (Sodium, Calcium, and Potassium), two trace minerals (Iron, and Copper) and a toxic metal (Lead) present in local soups in Minna, Niger State. The samples were purchased locally in triplicates from restaurants in Minna, Niger State. The soups were homogenised, weighed, dried, and then digested with proportionate combinations of HNO3, H2O2 and deionised water. The elements were determined using Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectrophotometers. Microsoft Excel and MATLAB/PLS tool box software were used for Chemometrics analysis. Results indicate that Dahyen kubewa and Miyanya kuwa have prominent content of studied elements with relatively higher values, making them good sources of essential mineral elements. The average concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Cu and Fe were respectively found within the ranges of 6.12–6.14, 0.67- 8.68, 4.84-45.30, 0.00-0.008 and 0.06-0.014 mgg-1. The values of the element expressed per serving dishes of the samples were appreciable relative to recommended daily intakes. This implies that the foods can be relevant in the management of Mineral Deficiency Diseases (MDD). Fe and Cu were below the toxic limit, and lead was not detectable. The foods were found to be generally safe for consumption. Correlation analysis showed that Na and Ca or K, as well as Fe and Cu, have a high correlation. These elements, therefore, constitute the unique element signature of the local soups in Minna. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the mineral content data revealed two close substitute food pairs: Miyan yakuwa and Danyen kubewa as well as Miyan kuka and Miyan karkashi. The result implies that in cases of unavailability or scarcity of one of the pairs, the other paired food can be consumed. The paired foods have equivalent mineral content. The Principal Component Analysis loading-score biplot indicated that Miyan yakuwa, Danyen kubewa. Miyan agushi and Miyan taushe are calcium, sodium, and potassium rich soups. The result also reveals that Jan miya is relatively rich in copper and iron..Miyan kuka and Miyan Karkashi particularly have lower concentration of elements.Item Assessment of Drinking Water Quality from Chanchaga Area, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria(Caliphate Journal of Science & Technology (CaJoST), 2020-05-30) Bisiriyu, Muhammad T.; Koleola, Abidemi A.; Kolo, Muhammad; Ibrahim, Mohammedhe accessibility to safe drinking water is essential to prevent water-borne diseases like diarrhoea and cholera; thus, this study assessed the quality of drinking water sources available to the inhabitants of the Chanchaga area, Minna, Niger State. A total of twelve water samples consisting of four boreholes, four wells, and four tap water, including one from Chanchaga water works were collected and analysed for some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals using standard procedures. The results showed that the average physicochemical properties of tap, well and borehole water samples respectively, were pH, 6.60, 6.62 and 6.67, turbidity 1.58, 3.42 and 3.15 NTU, total suspended solids, 0.03, 0.09 and 0.00 mg/L, total dissolved solids, 0.96, 4.68 and 1.14 mg/L, total solids, 0.99, 4.79 and 1.14mg/L, electrical conductivity, 158.25, 799.25 and 778.25 µЅ/cm, alkalinity, 13.50, 50.00, and 117.50 mg/L, chloride,18.75, 74.00 and 47.25mg/L, total hardness65.50, 227.75 and 149.50 mg/L, while the heavy metal concentrations in tap, borehole and well water samples were Cu, 0.02, 0.20 and 0.33 mg/L, Mn, not detected, 0.23 and 0.32, Pb was not detected in all the samples and Fe, 0.21, 3.10 and 2.12 mg/L respectively. All the parameters analysed were below the maximum permissible limits specified by WHO except the total hardness of well water and concentration of Fe in well and borehole water, which were above the maximum permissible limits. It can be concluded that the three sources of water at different locations in the study area are safe for human consumption at the time this research was conducted.Item Improving Accuracy Through the Three Steps Block Methods For Direct Solution of Second Order Initial Value Problem Using Interpolation and Collocation Approach(KASU JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (KJMS), 2020-06) R. Muhammad; I. D. ZakariyauThis paper presents three-step block method for direct solution of second order initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. The collocation and interpolation approach was adopted to generate a continuous block method using power series as basis function. The properties of the proposed approach such as order, error constant, zero-stability, consistency and convergence were also investigated. The proposed method competes favorably with exact solution and the existing methods.Item An Implicit Runge-Kutta Type Method for the Solution of Initial Value Problems(KASU JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, 2020-06) R. Muhammad; Y. A. Yahaya; A. S. AbdulkareemIn this research paper, an implicit block hybrid Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) for 𝑘=2 is reformulated into a Runge-Kutta Type Method (RKTM) of the same step number. The method can be used to solve both first and second order (special or general form) initial value problem in Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). This method differs from conventional BDF as derivation is done only once. It can also be extended to solve higher order ODE.Item COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND USED POWER TRANSFORMER OILS(2021) Abdulkarim A. M.; Umar, M. T.; Muhammad, M. A.; Bisiriyu, M. T.; Muhammad, H. I.; Agwuncha, S. C.; Kasim, N. A.Uninterrupted electricity supply is a vital issue for Nigeria today. This is because the reliability for power transformer to generate electricity to be used for industrial activities, electric utility companies and our homes has become far more important to our present generation for financial reasons. This work presents experimental research on the variations of the physicochemical properties and composition of two transformer oils of different levels of degradation. The first one is a virgin/fresh new oil while the second was collected from an operating transformer after being used for five (5) years (used transformer oil). The physicochemical characteristics of both samples were studied using American Society for Testing Material (ASTM) standard test, and were found to be within the specified range by ASTM standard. Results for physicochemical characterization of both samples A and B gives acid value of 0.045 ± 0.089 & 0.12 ±0.07 (mg KOH-1), density of 0.75 ±0.01 & 0.99 ± 0.01 (g cm–1), and Flash Point of 143 and 152 (oC) values respectively. However, the used oil sample presents physicochemical properties of narrow value to standard specifications which indicated its high level of degradation in contrast to the fresh oil sample. The FTIR results of the two samples were compared and it revealed that they have similar compounds of paraffins, naphthene and aromatics present in them. Although the used oil indicated the presence of phenols, which is indicative of oxidation process occurring in the oil.