Civil Engineering

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Civil Engineering

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    Statistical Model for Predicting Slump and Strength of Concrete Containing Date Seeds
    (Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology (CJET), 2021) Yusuf, A; Jamal, J. O.; Abubakar, Mahmud; Aminulai, H. O.
    Incorporating agro-based waste in concrete can reduce environmental pollution and lead to preserving the ecosystem. In order to reduce trial and error in achieving desired slump and compressive strength of concrete containing Date Seed (DS), this paper examines the slump and compressive strength of concrete using date seeds as a partial replacement for crushed granite. Preliminary tests were conducted on the aggregates to ascertain their suitability for concrete production. Concrete with DS-crushed granite ratios of 0:100, 5:95, 10:90, 15:85, and 20:80 were prepared using a mix ratio of 1:2:4 and a water-cement ratio of 0.5. Slump loss was used to estimate the workability of the fresh concrete. The freshly prepared concrete was cast in 150 x 150 x 150 mm and the compressive strength was determined after curing by full immersion in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results showed that the slump of concrete increased with an increase in the content of date seed. The compressive strength was inversely proportional to the date seed content with a DS crushed granite ratio of 20:80 recording the lowest compressive strength (20N/mm2). Linear regression models for slump and compressive strength were developed and found to be sufficient in explaining the experimental data based on a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.37 and 0.029 and R2 of 88% and 99% obtained for slump and compressive strength respectively. The study has concluded that DS can be used as a partial replacement for crushed granite in concrete and a linear model is sufficient in predicting the slump and strength of concrete containing date seeds.
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    Numerical Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam Containing Iron Ore Tailings as Partial Replacement of Sand
    (Conference: 4 th International Conference on Innovations and Challenges in Engineering and Technology for Sustainable DevelopmentAt: Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, 2023) Abubakar, Mahmud; Haruna, M. I.; Abdulrahman, H. S.; Abbas, B. A.
    The production of industrial and agricultural residual by-products can generate significant environmental impact. In response, researchers have begun incorporating supplementary materials made from agro-industrial wastes to create more sustainable concrete. However, testing the performance of these waste-based concrete mixtures can be time-consuming and expensive. To address this issue, this study utilized three dimensional non-linear Finite Element simulation using the ABAQUS/CAE software to predict the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam that incorporated 20% IOT as partial sand replacement. The simulation successfully predicted the damage behavior of the 20% IOT concrete, indicating the potential of this modeling approach to accurately predict the performance of waste-based concrete mixtures in various designs.
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    Development of a Simplified Methodology for British DoE Concrete Mix Design Procedure using python
    (Nile Journal of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 2025) Aguwa, Chinedu; Abubakar, Mahmud
    Most of the methods of concrete mix design developed over the years were geared towards manual approach. Apart from being characterized by rigorous complication in computation, manual concrete mix design is prone to errors and mistakes inherent in the calculation during interpolations and reading of charts. Thus, this research introduces an innovative integration of Python algorithms into mobile applications for concrete mix design. The tables used in this algorithm are the same as those used in the British Method, however, Charts or Figures in the British method were converted into linear and polynomial equations. Python program was written to ease the use of the algorithm and it was also configured into the backend of a mobile application for user-friendliness. The results obtained from the algorithm were compared with those obtained based on the British method manual calculations and available datasets. The percentage errors between the algorithm results and manual calculations were found to range from 0.65% to 3% across all examples. The developed algorithm is a reliable tool for automating DoE concrete mix design. It is recommended for engineers to enhance accuracy and efficiency in mix design computations.
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    ConcealedBeaminReinforcedConcreteStructures:APerformance-BasedAnalysis
    (NigerianJournalofScienceandEngineeringInfrastructure(NJSEI), 2024) Abubakar, Mahmud; Abdullahi, Hashim; Yabagi, Maikudi Sani
    The use of hidden beams in reinforced concrete construction is seen as an effective method of reducing excessive deflection in large spans. However, despite its presumed advantages and growing usage, no mention of it in standard civil engineering literature, codes and standards. In this paper, performance-based analysis is carried out on three different cases of slab arrangement involving hidden beams using SAP2000. The process is performed under dead and live load combination and based on the design guidelines in BS8110. The result of the performance-based analysis shows a 4%, 2% and 11% decrease in deflection, stress distribution and area of bending steel reinforcement required for the case with hidden beam in comparison with the case without the hidden beam.This indicates that the presence of a hidden beam in a slab is significant. Thus, it is recommended for reducing excessive deflection in large spans, hidden beams can be introduced.
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    Production of Pavement Blocks Using Low Density Polyethylene Product Waste
    (SETIC 2022 International Conference: “Sustainable Development and Resilience of the Built Environment in the Era of Pandemic” School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna 6th – 8th February, 2023., 2023) Aboje, A. A.; Abbas, B. A.; Kolo, D. N.; Abubakar, Mahmud; Abdulsalam, A.
    Waste sachet water packs cause considerable land pollution in Nigeria. In this research, pavement block was produced using low density polyethylene products waste (sachet water packs) as an alternative binder. The production was achieved by first converting the sachet water packs into pellets and blending it with sandstone in a mass ratio of 8:2 (A), 7:3 (B) and 6:4 (C) sandstone to pellets respectively. The compressive strength, %water absorption and curing time tests were carried out on the pavement block to determine it suitability and safety for low-traffic use. The compressive strength for polymer concrete samples A, B and C were 13.65N/mm2, 16.99N/mm2 and 20.34N/mm2 respectively. After carrying out the %water absorption test on the polymer concrete A, B and C the following result was obtained: 8.33%, 5.47% and 4.03% respectively. It should be noted that the polymer concrete samples and the control samples which (are cement concrete based) are for light-traffic use (pedestrian, plazas, shopping complexes ramps, car parks, office drive ways, rural roads with low traffic, and residential road).
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    PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH WASTE GLASS IN CONCRETE MADE FROM BIDA NATURAL AGGREGATE
    (3rd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2019) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2019) Alhaji, B.; Kolo, D. N.; Abubakar, Mahmud; Yusuf, A.; Abdullahi, A.; Mohammed, S.
    This study reports the experimental investigation on the suitability of waste glass as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete made using Bida natural aggregates (BNA). Glass is widely used in our daily lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. It is an ideal material for recycling. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. Mix ratio of 1:2:4 batched by weight with water – cement ratio of 0.55 was used. The percentage replacement varied from 0% to 40% at 5% intervals. Slump test was conducted to assess the workability of the fresh concrete. The compressive strengths and densities of cured concrete cubes of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were evaluated at 7, 21 and 28days. A total of 81 concrete cubes were cast and tested. It was observed that an increase in the percentage replacement of fine aggregate with waste glass reduces workability, density and compressive strength. The compressive strength and density vary with days of curing. The findings of this study indicated that the optimum replacement percentage of waste glass with conventional fine aggregate was 20%. However waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 40%) without substantial change in concrete strength.
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    POTENTIAL OF CALCIUM CARBIDE RESIDUE MODIFIED SANDCRETE BLOCKS IN ENHANCING THERMAL AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN
    (2nd Faculty of Engineering and Technology Conference (FETiCON 2024), Jun. 2 - 6, 2024, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2024) Ibrahim, M; Abubakar, Mahmud; Abdullahi, Aliyu; Abbas, B. A.
    Sustainability has increasingly become a prominent topic in the field of construction, and as such, it is necessary to explore means of reducing the overdependence on the use of cement in construction works. This study investigated the effects of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as a partial substitute for cement in sandcrete blocks. Due to the high pH value of calcium carbide residue, its disposal in landfills increases the alkalinity of the environment. From raw material extraction through final product disposal, the construction industry is integrally involved in every stage of the lifecycle of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, cement was partially substituted using CCR at 0% and 12% by weight replacement. The sandcrete blocks were of 450 mm × 225 mm × 225 mm dimensions and made from a Cement-CRR mix ratio of 1:6 and water-cement ratio of 0.6. Preliminary tests such as consistency, setting times, soundness, and specific gravity tests were carried out on cement and cement + 12% CCR. The thermal properties, which include thermal conductivity (k), heat transfer coefficient (U), specific heat capacity (Cp) and diffusivity (α) of the sandcrete blocks were determined. The thermal tests were carried out after the 28th day of curing. The result showed that CCR increased the water demand by the sandcrete blocks, hence reducing its workability. The sandcrete block samples made with 12% CCR replacement showed improved compressive strength. The k for 0% and 12% replacement was 0.5497 W/mK and 0.3978 W/mK, respectively, while the U was 54.974 W/m2K and 39.784 W/m2K, respectively for the 0% and 12% replacement. On the other hand, the Cp for 0% and 12% was 0.0003364 J/kg°C and 0.0001598 J/kg°C, respectively, while the diffusivity was 636.54m2/s and 1113.94m2/s for 0% and 12% replacement, respectively. As such, we can infer that 12% CCR replacement of cement gives more energy-efficient and sustainable sandcrete blocks.
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    Development of an Android Based Mobile Application for Design and Detailing of Pad Foundations to BS8110
    (Epistemics in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2017) Yusuf, A.; Aminulai, H. O.; Abdullahi, A.; Abubakar, Mahmud; Alhaji, B.
    Many innovative computer software have been developed to perform the task of designing and detailing structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs and foundations. This design and detailing can be done using mobile devices but software developed to operate on such devices have not been fully developed. However, this research is aimed at developing an android based mobile application for the design of pad foundations to Bs8110. The mobile application developed designs isolated axially loaded-only; axially loaded with moment pad footings as well as combined pad footings. The mobile application developed was tested using three typical test parameters and results compared to the manual computations. There was no significant variation in the steel sections required and provided for the manual design and that generated by the mobile application. The steel required by manual design for the axially loaded pad footing was 835mm2/m and that generated by the application was 837.2mm2/m. That of the axially loaded with moment gave required steel section as 1019mm2/m using manual design. This android based mobile application would thus give the structural engineer the leverage to design pad footings anywhere and anytime.
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    COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND LARGE CENTRAL ISLAND ROTARIES IN MINNA, NIGERIA
    (SAVAP International, 2013) Abubakar, Mahmud; Ndoke, P. N.
    Of recent, the government of Niger state has embarked on the construction of roundabouts with small central island rotaries; this paper compares the performance of large central island rotaries with small central island rotaries. The performance of large central island rotaries compares well to the performance of small central island rotaries. Capacities of rotaries with small islands were found to be higher than capacities of large central island rotaries while the delay for large central island rotaries was found to be higher than that of small central island rotaries. However, both large and small central island rotaries were found to be operating at the same level of service. This study provides recommendations to traffic engineers and/or planners on the conditions under which both central island rotaries perform better and, thus, should be considered.
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    Reliability Studies on Reinforced Concrete Column Subjected to Axial Load with Natural Stone as Coarse Aggregate
    (NAUJournalofCivil Engineering (NAUJCVE), 2024) Kolo, D. N.; Aguwa, J. I.; Abubakar, Mahmud
    This paper presents the reliability assessment of a reinforced concrete column subjected to Axial loading. Locally available natural aggregate (NA) was used in concrete production, the results of preliminary tests revealed the aggregate was adequate for concrete production. A typical column cross section of 230 × 240 × 3000mm was adopted and probabilistically assessed. First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was employed to estimate the implied probabilities of failures. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the reinforced concrete column is structurally safe at length, breadth and depth of 3200, 240 and 230 mm with Probability of Failures of 1.14 ×10-3, 8.45 × 10-4and 8.45 × 10-4 respectively.