Geology
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Item Petrography and Geochemical Classification of the Saigbe Granites, North Central Nigeria(Ilorin Journal of Science, 2022) Omanayin, Y. A.; Abubakar, J.; Owuri, A. S.This work involves detailed field, petrographic and geochemical studies of Saigbe granites to bring forth their possible petrogenesis. Geological field mapping reveals the basement rocks of the Saigbe area consist of schist, amphibolite, and granite with minor intrusion of pegmatitic veins. Structural features were also discerned with principal joint direction as plotted on rose diagrams showing NWW – SEE for the granites. A total of ten granitic rock samples were collected and described based on their field relationships. Three fresh representative rock samples were subjected to petrographic analysis while five others were later subjected to geochemical analysis using the X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. Petrography of the investigated rock samples showed an average mineralogical composition of plagioclase feldspar, quartz, biotite, microcline, muscovite and a trace of opaque minerals for the granites. The result of the geochemical analysis revealed the average percentage composition of major oxides as follows; SiO2 (71.30 wt.%), Al2O3 (11.13 wt.%), Fe2O3 (3.37 wt.%), CaO (4.44 wt.%), K2O (2.18 wt.%), Na2O (1.58 wt.%), MgO (2.09 wt.%), P2O5 (0.003 wt.%), TiO2 (1.04 wt.%) and MnO (0.62 wt.%). The geochemical classification of the granitic rocks revealed that the rocks fall within the Calc-alkaline/Tholeiitic series (AFM Plot), which supports a mixed and evolved magma origin during the evolution of the granitic rock. They were also classified into both I-Type and S-Type granite based on the Al₂O3/(Na₂O+K₂O+CaO) versus SiO2 plot. Ternary plot of the granitic samples sho.ws continent.al setting for the granitic rocks in the area. Therefore, the granitic rocks in the Saigbe area can then be said to have been formed from the fractionation of magma within the continental setting as the granitic rocks range in composition from Diorite and Granodiorite to Granite. Keywords: Petrographic Characteristic, Classification, Saigbe Granites, NigeriaItem Preliminary Studies of Pegmatites of Ogodo-Odobola area of Idah Sheet 267NW, North-Central Nigeria(6th International Faculty of Science Conference Book of Abstract, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, 2023) Omanayin, Y. A.; Waziri, N. M.; Onoduku, U. S.; Alabi, A. A.Pegmatites in the world over have been acknowledged to serve as host to lots of minerals (industrial, ore and gemstones). Recently, there is an upsurge in the interest for pegmatite deposits due to the newly discovered important uses of lithium ores among others. The granitic pegmatite of Ogodo-Odobola in Ajaokuta, Central Nigeria belongs to the pegmatite belt of North-Central Nigeria that has received very little attention and consequently, yet to be well studied. Therefore, detailed geological field mapping of the pegmatites and host rocks aimed at understanding their mode of occurrence and field relationship and to assess their mineralization potentials was conducted. The methods employed for this study include both geological fieldwork and laboratory analysis. Twelve (12) representative samples were selected for petrographic analysis. Geological fieldwork shows the study area is underlain by migmatite gneiss, schist, with intrusions of granite and pegmatite. The pegmatites occur in tabular form with varying widths and lengths. Principal joint directions show NNE-SSW direction which is believed to have influenced the pegmatite emplacement. Petrography of the representative rock samples reveal an average mineralogical composition of hornblende, biotite, quartz, plagioclase, microcline, muscovite, myrmekite and opaque minerals for the host rocks. While microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, and accessory and opaque mineral for the pegmatites. The pegmatite of the study area is worth probing as the results have shown prospect for possible economic minerals. Keywords: Mineralization, Lithium Ores, Structural Features, Petrography, AjaokutaItem Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes in parts of Minna Sheet 164, North-Central Nigeria(Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH) Book of Abstract, 2022-11) Ameh, I. M.; Ibrahim, H. A.; Amadi, A. N.; Dan-Hassan, M. A.; Omanayin, Y. A.; Abubakar, A. E.Assessing groundwater quality for sustainable agricultural through irrigation farming cannot be over-emphasized. Groundwater quality assessment for irrigation purposes was carried out in part of Minna Sheet 164, North-central Nigeria. Borehole samples were collected from boreholes and sent to the laboratory for the following analysis; pH, total dissolved solid and electrical conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, carbonate, sulphate, chlorine and bicarbonate. The pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.4, total dissolved solids varied from 20.4 mg/L to 124.5 mg/L while the electrical conductivity varies from 32.5 µs/cm to 250.0 µs/cm. the concentrations of these physical parameters are important criteria for suitability of water for agricultural purposes as water with low pH, high values of electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids is not good for irrigation. Also, the results of the major cations and anions were converted to meq/l from mg/l and used to determine the following index properties for irrigation water; Sodium Adsorption Ration, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Magnesium Adsorption Ratio, Plasticity Index, Residual Sodium Bicarbonate and Kelly’s Ratio. The values of the computed irrigation quality parameters are within their respective allowable limit for good to excellent water for irrigation use. The study has established that groundwater resources within the study area are suitable for irrigation. It is therefore recommended farmers in these localities should be sensitized to explore groundwater resources in their domain through hand-dug wells or boreholes to supplement the short-lived rain-farming. This will ensure an all year-round farming and availability of farm products and guaranty food security in the state.Item GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF PEGMATITES OF OGODO – ODOBOLA, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA: A STATUS REVIEW(FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2022-12) Omanayin, Y. A.; Waziri, N. M.; Onoduku, U. S.; Alabi, A. A.; Amadi, A. N.Pegmatites are an extremely, coarse-grained igneous rocks of granitic composition, constituting of mainly large crystals of quartz, feldspar and mica. Their occurrence cut across various formations, but mostly around granitoids. They are known to host industrial, rare metals, exotic minerals and gemstones of economic value. Due to the continuous demands and recently discovered uses of some of these minerals, its continuous exploration can never be over-emphasized. Pegmatites occurrence in Nigeria were formerly confined to certain quadrants but resent research has proved they also exist in other zones too. Its occurrence in Ogodo-Odobola area is a recent discovery with scantily available literature. The Few available research work conducted on pegmatite of the Ogodo-Odobola area in Kogi State, North central Nigeria has been reviewed. The works focused on its feldspar content for economic value and the latter attempted the mineralization potential of the pegmatites. The area is revealed to be underlain by schistose and granitic lithologies and intruded by the pegmatite dykes of various dimensions. However, recent studies on granitic pegmatites have evolved just as the pegmatites, not only concentrating on their industrial potentials but also on rare metal mineralization potentials which presently are a key to unlocking the future technologically. A few of those relevant and recent studies in the field were also reviewed to bring forth new ways of dealing with this present world cake to geoscientists. White micas are a useful mineral for determining the degree of evolution in pegmatites. This was achieved in the research work using K/Rb ratios paired with incompatible elements such as Cs. Decreasing K/Rb and increasing Cs is a signs of increasing evolution. The modeling of fractional crystallization of white micas in pegmatites using these trace elements determined that the pegmatites are a result of 99% to 99.99% crystallization of a granitic melt. Keywords: Pegmatites, Ogodo-Odobola, White Mica, Kogi State, North Central, NigeriaItem Investigation of Some Factors Responsible for Gully Erosion Activities along River Yashi, Minna, North-Central Nigeria(Environmental Technology & Science Journal (ETSJ), 2016-06) Abdulfatai, I. A.; Okunlola, I. A.; Salihu, H. D.; Omanayin, Y. A.; Abubakar, A. E.Investigation of some factors contributing to the propagation of gully erosion along River Yashi, Minna, North-Central Nigeria has been conducted. Field observations of anthropogenic factors and geochemical properties of soil along River Yashi were determined. The anthropogenic factors observed to contribute to the gully growth include soil excavation along the river bank and on the river bed, building on the flood plain and farm practices. Geotechnical field index properties of soil were determined followed by some laboratory index and performance tests. The outcome of the investigation indicated that; the natural moisture content varied from 8.49 to 18.21 % with an average of 12.93 %; the uncompacted bulk density (UBD) is between 0.98 to 1.23 kg/m3 with an average of 1.10kg/m3 and the compacted bulk density (CBD) is from 1.27 to 1.52kg/m3 with an average of 1.38kg/m3; the specific gravity varies through 2.15 to 2.68 and an average of 2.35; the sieve analysis result showed that coefficient of uniformity (Cu) is from 0 to 20.45 with an average of 7.63 while coefficient of curvature (Cc) is from 0 to 1.01 with an average of 0.64; the plasticity index extend from 0 to 5.63% while the average is 5.54%; the compaction result shows that the optimum moisture content (OMC) varies from 9.90 to 12.39% with an average of 11.39% while the maximum dry density (MDD) ranges from 2.14 to 2.42mg/m3 with an average of 2.2mg/m3; the triaxial shear test result shows that the angle of internal friction (AF) is from 6° to 11° with an average of 9° and the cohesion (C) is from 19 to 32kg/m2; the permeability ranges from 1.93 x 10-3 to 2.49 x 10-3cm/sec and the average is 2.14 x 10-3. The results of geotechnical tests show favourable soil condition for gully erosion growth. Slope stability, construction of rip-rap with weeping holes, cultural or vegetation method among others has been suggested as control measures.Item Geochemical Investigation and Physical Impact Assessment of Artisanal Gold Mining, Kataeregi, North-Central Nigeria(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY, 2016-06) Omanayin, Y. A.; Ogunbajo, M. I.; Waziri, N. M.; Ako, T. A.; Shuaibu, A. M.; Alaku, I. O.The geochemistry of mine products and stream sediments from Kataeregi area in Northcentral Nigeria was studied with the objective of environmental hazards assessment that is caused by artisanal gold mining activities through field work and laboratory analyses. The field work involves the observation of physical impact of mining on the environment and collection of representative samples along the streams, mined site and tailings within the location of study. The sediment samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The result obtained from laboratory analysis was compared with the ideal average crustal concentration of the elements in upper continental crust. Field observation revealed that mining activity has impacted on the environment with land destruction, loss of vegetation and erosion of soils. Geological field mapping show the area is underlain with Migmatite-Gneiss complex, Mica Schist, Granite and Sandstone lithologies. Results from geochemical analysis revealed that sediments are enriched with elements such as Au (0.23ppm), Ag (2.59ppm), Hg (0.21ppm) and Mo (1.14ppm). The presence of Hg in sediments can get consumed directly or indirectly through food chain and passed on to human. Keywords: Artisanal gold mining; Sediment geochemistry; degradation of land; Contamination; North-central Nigeria.Item Water Quality Investigation within the Neighbourhood of Kataeregi Artisanl Gold Mining Sites, North-Central Nigeria(Journal of Information, Education, Science and Technology (JIEST), 2016-12) Omanayin, Y. A.; Ogunbajo, M. I.; Amadi, A. N.; Abdulfatai, I. A.; Mamodu, A.Hydrochemical analysis was performed on water samples obtained from streams, mine ponds and hand-dug wells within the neighbourhood of Kataeregi gold mining site, located along Minna- Bida road in North-central Nigeria. The exercise is aimed at ascertaining the suitability of water from streams and hand-dug well for both domestic and irrigational purposes. The parameters analyzed for comprise of Temperature, Acidity – Alkalinity level (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cu2+, Fe2+, As3+ and Pb2+. Geological field mapping show the area comprise of Migmatite-Gneiss Complex, Schist, Granite and Sandstone lithologies. The concentrations of Fe2+ and Pb2+ far exceed World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) prescribed limits for irrigation, portability and other domestic purposes. The high content of iron could be attributed to the oxidative weathering of pyrite associated with the gold mineralization in the area while the high lead content observed in the area was due to the weathering and subsequent dissolution of galena, discarded by artisanal miners during the exploration for gold. All water bodies in the area belong to earth-alkaline fresh water, which is an indication of water from shallow aquifer system.Item Geological factors in civil engineering construction: the perspective of engineering geophysics using case histories from basement complex terrain of Nigeria(Journal of Science and today's world, 2013-06) Momoh, O. L.; Olasehinde, P. I.; Amadi, A. N.; Asema, A. I.; Omanayin, Y. A.Acknowledged factors of premature failure of most civil engineering construction include poor construction materials, bad design, drainage problems and usage factor. However, the foundation of civil engineering projects and its routes requires pre-knowledge of the subsurface geology that carries the load and hence the need for engineers to have adequate predesigned idea of the subsurface geology. While direct exploratory borehole drill for sample collection and insitu engineering tests are considered ultimate in this respect, the rich opportunities of geophysical tools in giving needed subsurface information cannot be over emphasized due to the combine high speed, relatively cheap and appreciable accuracy of the latter. Therefore, theoretical background of engineering geophysics and case histories from basement complex terrains of Nigeria are presented and discussed with respect to civil engineering constructions. Keywords: geological factors, engineering geophysics, civil engineering construction, basement complexItem Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Potential Pollutant of Water Resources Around Ajaokuta Steel Complex, North Central, Nigeria(Journal of Geography and Earth Sciences, 2014-06) Mamodu, A.; Onoduku, U. S.; Ako, T. A.; Abraham, S. U.; Amadi, A. N.; Omanayin, Y. A.The citing of Ajaokuta steel complex near its major raw materials (Iron) has brought about economic development in Kogi State, Nigeria. As a result of poor management of industrial waste, the only River where most people in the community get their drinking water became polluted. The aim of this research is to determine the quality of water and its pollutant within the study area. In order to meet the objective of the research, both physical and hydrogeochemical analysis were carried out. The physical parameters determined indicated (on average), a Ph of 7.44, temperature of 27°C, electrical conductivity of 106.8us/cm and turbidity of 157.4 NTU. 20 water samples were analyzed using Flame analysis photometry and Atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The result reveals on the average: 1.227mg/l Na+ , 2.3 mg/l K+ , and 2.545mg/l Ca2+2.6mg/l NH4+ , 0.17mg/l Cu 2+ , 0.45mg/l Fe2+ , 0.4mg/l Cr3+ , 0.06mg/lMn2+<10, ug/l As3 . . There were gradual decreases in concentration in some elements as one move further away from the steel complex (inferred source of pollution). The reason for these decreases maybe due to distance from the source of pollution and seepage into the groundwater. Iron and manganese were found to be very higher when compared to World health standards. Dangote group of Company’s E.I.A report also shows higher concentration of Fe2+, Mn2+and Cu2+in plant tissue. Therefore, the research concludes that Fe2+ and Mn2+ were the main pollutants while a Cu 2+andCr3+arethe minor pollutants of water resources in the study area. The research also, preliminary concludes that poor handling of industrial waste may have contributed majorly to the pollution of water. Keywords: Ajaokuta, water, hydrogeochemical analysis, pollutant, Environmental Impact Assessment (E.I.A), industrial waste, Atomic absorption spectrophotometerItem SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC STUDY OF IDA 4, 5, 6 WELLS NIGER DELTA BASIN, NIGERIA(FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2023-10) Chukwuma-Orji, Jacinta NkiruSequence stratigraphic study divides sedimentary successions into unconformity or maximum flooding surface bounded units (sequence) that form during a single, major cycle of sea-level change. Detailed sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic studies of the strata penetrated by Ida-4, 5, and 6 wells were carried out to deduce the depositional environment and correlate the stratigraphic units. The wells are located in the coastal swamp depobelt of the Eastern Niger Delta. Studied samples were dry-sieved for sedimentological analyses. Each fraction was studied under reflected light microscope. The lithology consists of an alternation of shale and sandstone units. The grain size of the sandstone units consists of fine to medium grains, occasionally coarse to granule-sized grains. Dominant accessories minerals are ferruginous materials, shell fragments, carbonaceous detritus, and few records, of mica flakes, glauconite, and pyrite. Regular sand and shale intercalation pattern on the Gamma Ray log permitted easy recognition of sub-cycles (autocycles) of sedimentation in an extensively developed paralic sequence. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction using accessories minerals recognizes shallow water settings with intermittent deeper water conditions. Rapid sedimentation rates are inferred in the studied area based on the observed alternation of thick sandstone, shale, and mudstone units. The MFS and SB were dated 9.5 Ma and 10.35 Ma respectively. Lithologic and system tracts correlations show lateral continuity of sandstone units (potential reservoirs) depicted in the lithofacies subcycles correlation. This is useful in the determination of reservoir geometry, areal coverage, and calculation of the volume of accumulated hydrocarbon, and directing well trajectory during the drilling operation.