Animal Biology

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Animal Biology

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    Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Leaf Extracts of Andrographis paniculata in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Mice
    (Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2025-03) Ismail, A; Omalu, I.C.J.; Abolarinwa, S. O; Abdullahi, M.; Adeniyi, K.A.; Ocha, I.M
    African Animal Trypanosomiasis is a disease of major economic and public health importance, especially with the current setback in the treatment of cases using synthetic anti-trypanosomal agents. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify alternative compounds for chemotherapy. Therefore, the present study investigated the phytochemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of crude methanol, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction of Andrographis paniculata (king of bitters) leaf in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mice. The methanol extract was screened for the presence of secondary metabolites by using standard methods. The crude plant extract and fractions were administered orally to the parasite-infected mice at doses of 300 and 600 mgkg-1 body weight (b. wt) following standard procedures. The result was compared to Diminazine aceturate which was given at the recommended dose of 3.5 mgkg-1 b. wt subcutaneously. Phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, steroids, tannins, and anthraquinones. Diminazine aceturate gave a 100% parasite clearance, and the mice survived throughout the study period (60.00±0.00) days. A. paniculata extract at 600 mgkg-1 b. wt was found to be effective in reducing the parasite multiplication by 43.58 % and extending the life span of the treated mice to (10.50±0.50) days compared to the untreated control, (7.45±0.55) days. Ethyl acetate fraction on the other hand was found to be more effective in reducing the parasitaemia level (61.33 % and 75.63 %) and extending the life span of the mice to (12.50±0.34) and (15.76±0.23) days for both 300 and 600 mgkg-1 b. wt doses respectively, whereas the n-hexane gave a limited trypanocidal effect of 9.89 % and 21.15 %. The results obtained in the present study suggest the ethnopharmacological usefulness of the plant and necessitate further studies on isolated active substances from this plant.
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    Cercaricidal Efficacy of Plant Extract: Evidence from the Methanolic Leaves and Bark Extracts of Anacardium ocidentale (Linnaeus)
    (Dutse Journal of pure and applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), 2023) Adeniyi, K. A.; Ibeh, E. O.; Oyibo-Usman,K. A.; Shariff, M. A.; Ismail, A.; Omalu, I. C. J.; Sadiq, A. A.; Salami, K. D.
    Schistosomiasis continues to be a public health problem causing in unsatisfactorily high level of morbidity. Praziquantel is a recent medicine for treatment but unable to kill emerging schistosomes. It does not prevent re-infection and its constant application may lead to the advent of drug-resistant parasites. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the methanol crude extract of A. occidentale revealed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoids and Saponins. Cercaricidal activity on Gymnocephalous cercaria, after 120 minutes of contact in a concentration of 0.10 mg/mL, showed that there was 92 and 34% death when exposed to the methanol leave and bark extracts of A. occidentale leaves, and A. occidentale bark respectively. There was 99% and 98.5% mortality between the methanol bark extract of A. occidentale and the leaf of A. occidentale plant respectively in a concentration of 0.60mg/mL. Lethal concentration on Gymnocephalous cercariae showed that A. occidentale methanolic bark extract had the highest LC50 and LC84 of 0.151 and 0.204 mg/mL respectively while A. occidentale methanol leaf extract had the lowest LC50 and LC84 of 0.123 and 0.162 respectively. A. occidentale methanol bark extract had the lowest LC50 of 0.237 and A. occidentale methanol leaf extract had the lowest LC 84 of 0.316 mg/ml. The correlation coefficient of the plant parts showed a strong positive correlation between the log concentrations and probit mortality. The extracts had an effect on the cercariae tested. A. occidentale leaves extract showed highest cercaricidal activity. Gymnocephalous cercariae was more susceptible to the plant parts than the Brevifurcate cercaria