Chemistry
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Item Assessment of Lubricating Oil Sold by Roadside Vendors in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria(Nigerian Students Association (NiSA), Turkey, 2021-09-29) Bisiriyu, M. T.; Usman, Y. M.; Abdullahi, Z.; Andrew, A.The efficiency of automotive and non-automotive engines relies solely on the quality of the engine oil. This study evaluate the quality of engine oil sold by some road-side vendors in Minna metropolis. Eight oil samples were randomly collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters which include speciöc gravity, pour point, øash point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, acid value, iodine value and saponiöcation value using standard methods. The results of the parameters analyzed were speciöc gravity (A1 (0.897), A2 (0.883), B1 (0.891), B2 (0.890), C1 (0.894), C2 (0.908), D1 (0.899) and D2 (0.896) ), pour point (A1 (-6.2 oC), A2 (-6.5 oC), B1 (-5.9 oC), B2 (-4.5 oC), C1 (-4.7 oC), C2 (-3.6 oC), D1 (-6.5 oC) and D2 (-6.9 oC) ), øash point (A1 (256.8 oC), A2 (239.4 oC), B1 (269.2 oC), B2 (165.5 oC), C1 (175.9 oC), C2 (144.2 oC), D1 (161.8 oC) and D2 (191.2 oC) ), cloud point (A1 (-9.9 oC), A2 ( -9.0 oC), B1 (-4.6 0C), B2 (-1.8 oC), C1 (-7.4 oC), C2 (-9.8 0C), D1 (-6.7 0C) and D2 (-4.8 oC), kinematic viscosity (A1 (43 mm2/s), A2 (36 mm2/s), B1 (35 mm2/s), B2 (43 mm2/s), C1 (34 mm2/s), C2 (32 mm2/s), D1 (42 mm2/s) and D2 (41 mm2/s) ), acid value (A1 (1.42 mgKOH/g), A2 (1.68 mgKOH/g), B1 (1.34 mgKOH/g), B2 (1.58 mgKOH/g), C1 (1.90 mgKOH/g), C2 (1.34 mgKOH/g), D1 (1.34 mgKOH/g) and D2 (1.34 mgKOH/g) ) , iodine value (A1 (13.1 mgI2/g), A2 (9.7 mgI2/g), B1 (10.2 mgI2/g), B2 (13.3 mgI2/g), C1 (13.11 mgI2/g), C2 (10.8 mgI2/g), D1 (20.1 mgI2/g) and D2 (13.8 mgI2/g) ) and saponiöcation value ( A1 (196.35 mgKOH/g), A2 (143.05 mgKOH/g), B1 (167.18 mgKOH/g), B2 (192.42 mgKOH/g), C1(173.23 mgKOH/g), C2 (143.00 mgKOH/g), D1 (147.54 mgKOH/g) and D2 (106.31 mgKOH/g).This study revealed that the two most important parameters of engine oil, kinematic viscosity and acid value were below and above the stipulated standards by the ASTM (48 mm2/s and 0.02-0.8 mgKOH/g). These deviations from the standard values stipulated by ASTM might be due to adulteration of the engine oils. Therefore, Government agencies with mandate of monitoring engine oil quality should carry out periodic evaluation of the engine oils sold by the roadside vendors to check their sharp practices.Item Assessment of the Conversion of Luffa cylindrical Seed Oil into Biodiesel using CaO/Metakaolin as Heterogenous Catalyst(IBBUL, 2021) Bisiriyu, M. T.; Salau, R. B.; Abdulkarim, A. M.; Likita, S.; Abdullahi, Z.; Paiko, Y. B.The efficiency of calcium oxide supported metakaolin catalyst in the transesterification of Luffa cylindrical seed oil into biodiesel was studied using standard analytical techniques. Some physicochemical properties of the seed oil were determined and the fuel quality parameters of its fatty acid methyl ester (Biodiesel) were investigated. The results obtained were: colour (reddish-brown), yield (39.23 %), specific gravity (0.90 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (17.23 mm2/s), pH (4.72), refractive index (1.466), acid value (22.58 mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (11.29 mgKOH/g), saponification value (115.005 mgKOH/g), iodine value (39.300 mgI2/100 g) while the biodiesel properties were: colour (reddishbrown), biodiesel yield (92.29 %), API gravity (22o), refractive index (1.470), specific gravity (0.880g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (5.62 mm2/s), acid value (4.21 mgKOH/g), cloud point (7 oC), pour point (4 oC) and flash point (170 oC). The values obtained indicates that the oil may not be suitable for edible purposes due to high acid value but may be employed industrially in the manufacturing of products such as liquid soaps, paints, shampoos and biodiesel. CaO/Kaolin catalyst was found to be effective in the transesterification of the seed oil and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) produced was also found to meet most of the standards for biodiesel set by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (European Norm).