Physics
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Item ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA(The Nigerian Journal of Research and Production, 2011-04) Eze, C. N.Abstract Energy is the biggest challenge of the twenty-first century. We must lift much of the world out of poverty, which will require large increases in energy production while simultaneously curbing greenhouse gas emissions. In order to accomplish this, we must adopt solutions that are based on efficiency, renewable, nuclear energy production and safety, and if it can be demonstrated, carbon sequestration and then adopt the idea which said that “an energy future without a significant contribution from nuclear energy simply isn't an option”. Since renewables are by their very nature intermittent, they cannot have a huge impact unless--and until--we develop adequate energy storage technologies and drastically improve our fragile electricity distribution network. In a developing country like Nigeria where energy demand is far more than the supply due to insufficient power generation, incessant outage of power as a result of failure of power generation plants, due to technical faults and ageing, the use of nuclear power plant provides answers to the problems of electricity generation. Since energy is important for socio-economic development considering safety, economy, reliability, sustainability and even waste management, nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy should be used. The nuclear power option once again is appealing to some opinion leaders in the world. As an alternative to fossil fuels and looming energy crisis, we can find a solution to the problem of climate change, environmental degradation, and fossil fuel dependency, while guaranteeing equitable, sustainable development. Many problems stand in the way of this so called renaissance, not least the mammoth costs involved and the fact that no safe system has yet been devised for the long-term storage of nuclear wastes. Furthermore despite many improvements in the safety of nuclear power plants, worries persist about the risk of nuclear accidents such as those that occurred at Three Mile Island in USA in 1979 and Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986. However, this alternative source of energy will pose a political problem in that nuclear power plant could be used for both military and economic purposes. It is observed that all attempts, so far, to produce enough electricity power for its citizens have hit the rocks in this country, Nigeria, due to various reasons including inefficiency and corruption. The purpose of this paper is to urge Nigeria (and other countries like it) not to give up its efforts to generate sufficient electric power by the usual traditional methods (coal, solar, wind, etc) but to continue to try until success has been achieved in the short term and to vigorously endeavour to go nuclear in the long term since nuclear generation of electricity is the ultimate in power supply. The paper also shows how the nuclear program has been achieved in some other countries and how Nigeria can follow suit in the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.Item Measurement of Radio Refractive index in the first 100 m layer over Minna in North Central Nigeria(The Nigerian Journal of Space Research, 2011) K. C. Igwe, O. D. Oyedum, J. A. Ezenwora, J. O. Eichie and A. S. MosesTropospheric radio refractivity at surface and 100 m levels is investigated from in-situ measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity made in Minna (9o 37''N, 6o 30''E), North central Nigeria. Daily measurement of the atmospheric variables was made at 30 minutes interval. The instrument used is the Vantage PRO II Automatic Weather Station and the data used was for a period of 12 months (January to December 2008). The results obtained show that the values of refractive index at both levels were high in the morning and late evening/night hours while the values were low during the afternoon hours. Also, statistical analysis of radio refractive index gradients was carried out and the Cumulative frequency distribution shows that the atmosphere over Minna was sub refractive for about 50% of the time with positive gradients appearing occasionally, super refractive for about 40% of the time while normal refraction occurred for only 10% of the time.Item Optical and microstructural properties of neutron irradiated RF- sputtered amorphous alumina thin films(2017) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; F.O. OGUNDAREItem PHOTON BUILDUP FACTORS FOR SOME TISSUES AND PHANTOM MATERIALS FOR PENETRATION DEPTHS UP TO 100 MFP(2017) OLARINOYE, OYELEKEThe use of photons in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine requires the accurate determination of photon Irradiation dose in human tissues. Photon buildup factors represent corrections to photon interaction when the Beer-Lambert conditions are not met. Equivalent atomic numbers, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors of 10 human tissues (adipose tissue, blood, collar bone, brain, breast, eye lens, lungs, ovary, testis and skeletal muscles) and 4 equivalent materials (water, nylon, mylar and polyvinylchloride) were evaluated using the geometric progression (G-P) fitting method. The buildup factors were evaluated for 25 standard photon energies (0.015-15 MeV) and for penetration depth up 100 mfp (mean free path). The magnitudes equivalent atomic numbers and buildup factors for the studied materials varied in similar pattern with energy and penetration depth. The variations in the equivalent atomic number and the buildup factors with photon energy were attributed to elemental compositions of the individual tissue/ equivalent material and the dominance of different photon interaction in the energy spectrum considered. The behaviour of the equivalent atomic number for the equivalent materials suggests that each of them can be used to represent different human tissues for phantom construction and dose evaluation.Item Crystal structure refinement of co-doped Ba0.88Ca0.12Ti0.975Sn0.025O3 ceramic(2017) Umaru Ahmadu; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Moses Agida; Auwal M. MuhammadBa/Ca-doped barium titanate has been prepared by solid state reaction to produce Ba0.88Ca0.12 Ti0.975Sn0.025O3(BCST) ceramics. Five samples were irradiated using neutron fluence of 8.1 106, 9.72 107, 8.75 108, 6.99 109 and 1.4 1010 n/cm2 (BCST-06 to-10). The structure and phase compositions of the control (BCST) and irradiated samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and indicate the presence of a majorly single phase tetragonal barium titanate (S.G.P4mm) with a minor phase CaTiO3 (orthorhombic). However, Rietveld refinement using GSAS II suite of programs indicates a tetragonality ratio (c/a ¼ 0.996) which is pseudocubic with a reduction in volume of 0.03% in the control compared to pristine BT. The irradiated samples exhibited changes in tetragonality (maximum of 0.82%) and variation in volume (0.58%, maximum) over the range of fluence investigated. A complete vacancy was observed in the Ca site of BCST10 but not in the oxygen sites while the occupancies of other metal sites varied. The substitution of Sn is expected to lead to a lower transition temperature and an increase in dielectric constant near the transition temperature of the control. While the changes in volume, tetragonality and occupancy of the irradiated samples are expected to affect their electromechanical properties due to changes in the Ti octahedra which would lead to a slight degradation in device performance.Item He+ induced changes in the surface structure and optical properties of RF-sputtered amorphous alumina thin films(ELSEVIER, 2016) F.O. OGUNDARE; OLARINOYE, OYELEKEHigh quality 50 nmthickstoichiometric amorphous aluminium oxide films were reactively sputtered on micro scope glass slide substrates. The films were exposed to energetic (2.20 MeV) He+ at different ion fluences of 6×1012 ion/cm2;1×1013 ion/cm2;2×1013 ion/cm2;3×1013 ion/cm2; and 4 × 1013 ion/cm2. The effect of the ion irradiation on the optical, structural phase and surface properties of the alumina films was investigated via UV–VIS–NIRspectroscopy,X-raydiffraction analysis and theatomicforcemicroscopyrespectively. Thetrans missionandabsorptionspectraoftheirradiatedfilmsshowedvariationthatdependedonionfluence.Therefrac tive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, dielectric constant and energy loss functions of the films were also affected by He+ irradiation. Optical band gap and films' structural phase were however not altered bytheionirradiation. The variation in optical constants induced by radiation was attributed to electronic excita tion and increase in surface roughness of the filmsItem ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA.(2012) Kolo, M. T.,; Baba-Kutigi, A. N.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Sharifat, I.Item Measurement of Background Gamma Radiation Levels at Two Tertiary Institutions in Minna, Nigeria(2010-03-14) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; SHARIFAT, I.; BABA-KUTIGI, A, N.; *KOLO, M.T.; **ALADENIYI, K; BABA-KUTIGI, A, N.;; KOLO, M.T.; ALADENIYI, KAn in-situ measurement of the background radiation level was carried out at the vicinity of three campuses of two major tertiary institutions in Minna. A portable Geiger-Mueller tube-based environmental radiation dosimeter was used for the measurement. A total of 34 point was surveyed across the three institutions for background environmental radiation. The dose rate range obtained are: at the Niger State College of Education Minna (NCM), the dose rate varies from 0.125 µSv/hr to 0.171µSv/hr; at the Federal University of Technology Bosso Campus (FUTB) it wass between 0.152 µSv/hr and 0.184 µSv/hr; and at the Federal University of Technology Gidan Kwano campus FUTG it was between 0.137 µSv/hr and 0.184 µSv/hr. In all the 34 points surveyed the mean dose rate was 0.154 µSv/hr with a standard deviation of 0.017 µSv/hr. Generally, the dose rate level in each of the institutions surveyed are comparable to one another and could simply be attributed to natural sources. The Average annual effective dose obtained from this study is 0.189 mSv/annum which is still less than the recommended limit of 1mSv/annum by International Commission on Radiation Protection [ICRP] for non occupational population exposure.