Physics
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Item Factors Influencing Patient Dose in Diagnostic Radiography.(SET, 2008) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Igwe, KItem Measurement of Background Gamma Radiation Levels at Two Tertiary Institutions in Minna, Nigeria(2010-03-14) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; SHARIFAT, I.; BABA-KUTIGI, A, N.; *KOLO, M.T.; **ALADENIYI, K; BABA-KUTIGI, A, N.;; KOLO, M.T.; ALADENIYI, KAn in-situ measurement of the background radiation level was carried out at the vicinity of three campuses of two major tertiary institutions in Minna. A portable Geiger-Mueller tube-based environmental radiation dosimeter was used for the measurement. A total of 34 point was surveyed across the three institutions for background environmental radiation. The dose rate range obtained are: at the Niger State College of Education Minna (NCM), the dose rate varies from 0.125 µSv/hr to 0.171µSv/hr; at the Federal University of Technology Bosso Campus (FUTB) it wass between 0.152 µSv/hr and 0.184 µSv/hr; and at the Federal University of Technology Gidan Kwano campus FUTG it was between 0.137 µSv/hr and 0.184 µSv/hr. In all the 34 points surveyed the mean dose rate was 0.154 µSv/hr with a standard deviation of 0.017 µSv/hr. Generally, the dose rate level in each of the institutions surveyed are comparable to one another and could simply be attributed to natural sources. The Average annual effective dose obtained from this study is 0.189 mSv/annum which is still less than the recommended limit of 1mSv/annum by International Commission on Radiation Protection [ICRP] for non occupational population exposure.Item Measurement of Radio Refractive index in the first 100 m layer over Minna in North Central Nigeria(The Nigerian Journal of Space Research, 2011) K. C. Igwe, O. D. Oyedum, J. A. Ezenwora, J. O. Eichie and A. S. MosesTropospheric radio refractivity at surface and 100 m levels is investigated from in-situ measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity made in Minna (9o 37''N, 6o 30''E), North central Nigeria. Daily measurement of the atmospheric variables was made at 30 minutes interval. The instrument used is the Vantage PRO II Automatic Weather Station and the data used was for a period of 12 months (January to December 2008). The results obtained show that the values of refractive index at both levels were high in the morning and late evening/night hours while the values were low during the afternoon hours. Also, statistical analysis of radio refractive index gradients was carried out and the Cumulative frequency distribution shows that the atmosphere over Minna was sub refractive for about 50% of the time with positive gradients appearing occasionally, super refractive for about 40% of the time while normal refraction occurred for only 10% of the time.Item ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA(The Nigerian Journal of Research and Production, 2011-04) Eze, C. N.Abstract Energy is the biggest challenge of the twenty-first century. We must lift much of the world out of poverty, which will require large increases in energy production while simultaneously curbing greenhouse gas emissions. In order to accomplish this, we must adopt solutions that are based on efficiency, renewable, nuclear energy production and safety, and if it can be demonstrated, carbon sequestration and then adopt the idea which said that “an energy future without a significant contribution from nuclear energy simply isn't an option”. Since renewables are by their very nature intermittent, they cannot have a huge impact unless--and until--we develop adequate energy storage technologies and drastically improve our fragile electricity distribution network. In a developing country like Nigeria where energy demand is far more than the supply due to insufficient power generation, incessant outage of power as a result of failure of power generation plants, due to technical faults and ageing, the use of nuclear power plant provides answers to the problems of electricity generation. Since energy is important for socio-economic development considering safety, economy, reliability, sustainability and even waste management, nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy should be used. The nuclear power option once again is appealing to some opinion leaders in the world. As an alternative to fossil fuels and looming energy crisis, we can find a solution to the problem of climate change, environmental degradation, and fossil fuel dependency, while guaranteeing equitable, sustainable development. Many problems stand in the way of this so called renaissance, not least the mammoth costs involved and the fact that no safe system has yet been devised for the long-term storage of nuclear wastes. Furthermore despite many improvements in the safety of nuclear power plants, worries persist about the risk of nuclear accidents such as those that occurred at Three Mile Island in USA in 1979 and Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986. However, this alternative source of energy will pose a political problem in that nuclear power plant could be used for both military and economic purposes. It is observed that all attempts, so far, to produce enough electricity power for its citizens have hit the rocks in this country, Nigeria, due to various reasons including inefficiency and corruption. The purpose of this paper is to urge Nigeria (and other countries like it) not to give up its efforts to generate sufficient electric power by the usual traditional methods (coal, solar, wind, etc) but to continue to try until success has been achieved in the short term and to vigorously endeavour to go nuclear in the long term since nuclear generation of electricity is the ultimate in power supply. The paper also shows how the nuclear program has been achieved in some other countries and how Nigeria can follow suit in the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.Item ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND RADIATION HAZARDS IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA.(2012) Kolo, M. T.,; Baba-Kutigi, A. N.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Sharifat, I.Item He+ induced changes in the surface structure and optical properties of RF-sputtered amorphous alumina thin films(ELSEVIER, 2016) F.O. OGUNDARE; OLARINOYE, OYELEKEHigh quality 50 nmthickstoichiometric amorphous aluminium oxide films were reactively sputtered on micro scope glass slide substrates. The films were exposed to energetic (2.20 MeV) He+ at different ion fluences of 6×1012 ion/cm2;1×1013 ion/cm2;2×1013 ion/cm2;3×1013 ion/cm2; and 4 × 1013 ion/cm2. The effect of the ion irradiation on the optical, structural phase and surface properties of the alumina films was investigated via UV–VIS–NIRspectroscopy,X-raydiffraction analysis and theatomicforcemicroscopyrespectively. Thetrans missionandabsorptionspectraoftheirradiatedfilmsshowedvariationthatdependedonionfluence.Therefrac tive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, dielectric constant and energy loss functions of the films were also affected by He+ irradiation. Optical band gap and films' structural phase were however not altered bytheionirradiation. The variation in optical constants induced by radiation was attributed to electronic excita tion and increase in surface roughness of the filmsItem Optical and microstructural properties of neutron irradiated RF- sputtered amorphous alumina thin films(2017) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; F.O. OGUNDAREItem Crystal structure refinement of co-doped Ba0.88Ca0.12Ti0.975Sn0.025O3 ceramic(2017) Umaru Ahmadu; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Moses Agida; Auwal M. MuhammadBa/Ca-doped barium titanate has been prepared by solid state reaction to produce Ba0.88Ca0.12 Ti0.975Sn0.025O3(BCST) ceramics. Five samples were irradiated using neutron fluence of 8.1 106, 9.72 107, 8.75 108, 6.99 109 and 1.4 1010 n/cm2 (BCST-06 to-10). The structure and phase compositions of the control (BCST) and irradiated samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and indicate the presence of a majorly single phase tetragonal barium titanate (S.G.P4mm) with a minor phase CaTiO3 (orthorhombic). However, Rietveld refinement using GSAS II suite of programs indicates a tetragonality ratio (c/a ¼ 0.996) which is pseudocubic with a reduction in volume of 0.03% in the control compared to pristine BT. The irradiated samples exhibited changes in tetragonality (maximum of 0.82%) and variation in volume (0.58%, maximum) over the range of fluence investigated. A complete vacancy was observed in the Ca site of BCST10 but not in the oxygen sites while the occupancies of other metal sites varied. The substitution of Sn is expected to lead to a lower transition temperature and an increase in dielectric constant near the transition temperature of the control. While the changes in volume, tetragonality and occupancy of the irradiated samples are expected to affect their electromechanical properties due to changes in the Ti octahedra which would lead to a slight degradation in device performance.Item PHOTON BUILDUP FACTORS FOR SOME TISSUES AND PHANTOM MATERIALS FOR PENETRATION DEPTHS UP TO 100 MFP(2017) OLARINOYE, OYELEKEThe use of photons in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine requires the accurate determination of photon Irradiation dose in human tissues. Photon buildup factors represent corrections to photon interaction when the Beer-Lambert conditions are not met. Equivalent atomic numbers, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors of 10 human tissues (adipose tissue, blood, collar bone, brain, breast, eye lens, lungs, ovary, testis and skeletal muscles) and 4 equivalent materials (water, nylon, mylar and polyvinylchloride) were evaluated using the geometric progression (G-P) fitting method. The buildup factors were evaluated for 25 standard photon energies (0.015-15 MeV) and for penetration depth up 100 mfp (mean free path). The magnitudes equivalent atomic numbers and buildup factors for the studied materials varied in similar pattern with energy and penetration depth. The variations in the equivalent atomic number and the buildup factors with photon energy were attributed to elemental compositions of the individual tissue/ equivalent material and the dominance of different photon interaction in the energy spectrum considered. The behaviour of the equivalent atomic number for the equivalent materials suggests that each of them can be used to represent different human tissues for phantom construction and dose evaluation.Item The f-factor, neutron, gamma radiation and proton shielding competences of glasses with Pb or Pb/Bi heavy elements for nuclear protection applications(2020) Y.S. Rammaha,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; F.I. El-Agawanya,; A. El-Adawya,; El Sayed YousefIn this article, proton, neutron, and gamma-ray shielding competences of six glasses with PbO or PbO/Bi2O3 heavy metal oxides namely as Glass 1 to Glass 6 have been investigated via WinXcom and EXABCal computer codes. The maximum values of μm were equal to 50.6, 53.06, 72.51, 80.67, 99.54, and 102.35 cm2 g-1 at 0.015 MeV for Glass 1 to Glass 6, respectively. The μm of the glass's trend in ascending order for Glass 1 to Glass 6. Results of HVL and MFP of the glass's were trend in descending order for Glass 1 to Glass 6. The Zeff of glasses varied from 14.49 (1.5 MeV) to 37.78 (0.1 MeV) and from 43.93 (2 MeV) to 65.62 (0.02 MeV) for Glass 1 and Glass 6, respectively. The f-factor of Glass 5 and Glass 6 was maximum for throughout the energy spectrum. The buildup factors are low and grow with the penetration depth rapidly up to the maximum depth of 40 mfp. The values of ΣR were varied from 0.0947 to 0.1155 cm−1 for Glass1 to Glass 6, respectively. Glass 2 and Glass 6 are preferred fast neutron shield when compared with ordinary concrete, water, and graphite. Generally, the molar concentration of PbO or PbO + Bi2O3 improved the shielding capacity of the investigated glassesItem Elastic moduli, photon, neutron, and proton shielding parameters of tellurite bismo-vanadate (TeO2–V2O5–Bi2O3) semiconductor glasses(ELSEVIER, 2020) Y.S. Rammah; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; F.I. El-Agawany; A. El-Adawya; A. Gamala,; El Sayed YousefIn this research, elastic moduli, photon, neutron, proton, and alpha particle shielding parameters for tellurite bismo-vanadate (TeO2–V2O5–Bi2O3) were estimated and theoretically presented. Makishima–Mackenzie's (M-M) model and Phy-X/PSD software were used to achieve the required calculations. Young's modulus varied from 72.68 to 59.41 GPa while shear modulus varied from 28.75 to 23.66 GPa. Bulk modulus changed from 51.34 to 40.51 GPa, while Poisson's ratio changed from 0.264 to 0.255. The trend of the projected range for alpha and proton particles follows the order: (TVB00)Range > (TVB05)Range > (TVB10)Range > (TVB15)Range > (TVB20)Range > (TVB25)Range. The mass attenuation coefficient of the TVB glasses follows the order: (TVB00)μm<(TVB05)μm < (TVB10) μm < (TVB15) μm < (TVB20) μm < (TVB25) μm at all energies. The MFP follows a similar trend as HVT, where TVB00 glass has the highest MFP and HVT among the considered glasses. The lowest range of Zeff was achieved TVB00 glass and the highest for TVB25 glass. The f-factor of the TVB-glasses were almost equal due to similar number of electrons per unit mass. The variations in buildup factors with photon energy were identical for all glass materials and penetration depth (mfp). Results revealed that the inclusion and increase of Bi in the TVB-glass systems improves its radiation shielding capacity.Item The effects of La2O3 addition on mechanical and nuclear shielding properties for zinc borate glasses using Monte Carlo simulation(ELSEVIER, 2020) OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Y.S. Rammah, Shoroog Alraddadic, Chahkrit Sriwunkumd,∗∗, A.F. Abd El-Rehime,f, H.Y. Zahrane,f, M.S. Al-Buriahig,Effects of La2O3 addition on the mechanical and nuclear shielding properties of zinc borate glasses with the form (55-x)ZnO-45B2O3-xLa2O3: x = 0, 2, 5, and 10 mol% labelled as LZB1-LZB4, respectively were investigated. Bond compression (BC) model and Geant4 simulation code were utilized to achieve these objectives. The value of the bulk modulus (KBC) decreased from 153.116 GPa for LZB1 glass sample to 136.662 GPa for LZB4 glass sample corresponding to an increment of La2O3 from 0 to 10 mol%. Longitudinal modulus (LBC) decreased from 280.729 GPa to 249.610 GPa and the Young's modulus (EBC) also decreased from 238.11 GPa to 211.03 GPa for LZB1 to LZB4 glasses. Poisson's ratio (σBC) increased from 0.240 to 0.243 with the increase of La3+ ions in the LZB-glasses. Hardness of LZB-glasses was decreased from 16.578 GPa to 14.572 Gpa. The nuclear radiation shielding properties of the LZBx glasses were explored by utilizing Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations and different theoretical approaches such as ESTAR and XCOM platforms. The obtained values of mass attenuation (MAC) increased in the glasses in the order: LZB1 < LZB2 < LZB3 < LZB4. The maximum values of MAC obtained at energy of 15 keV were 39.157, 40.117, 41.356 and 43.019 cm2g-1 for LZB1, LZB2, LZB3, and LZB4 respectively. Calculated values of fast and thermal neutron macroscopic cross sections varied from 0.1143 to 0.1156 cm-1 and 1.9378 to 27,786 cm-1 as La2O3 varied from 0 to 10 mol% in the glasses. Also, the electron attenuation capacity of the LZBx glasses improved as La2O3 content increased. The observed promising properties of LZBx glasses is an indication that they can be useful for several applications including shielding against photons, electrons, and fast/thermal neutrons.Item Environment friendly La3+ ions doped phosphate glasses/glass-ceramics for gamma radiation shielding: Their potential in nuclear safety applications(ELSEVIER, 2020) Y.S. Rammaha,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; F.I. El-Agawany; A. El-Adawy,; El Sayed YousefGamma-photon, neutron, and proton shielding parameters of La3+ ions doped multicomponent phosphate glasses/glass-ceramics of composition 50P2O5–30Sb2O3–10CaO–5Al2O3–5TeO2+xLa2O3 (La0–La5): x = 0–5 in steps of 1 mol% have been evaluated. These parameters were evaluated utilizing the WinXcom and EXABCal computer codes. Results revealed that the maximum values of MAC were 25.72, 26.85, 27.39, 27.91, and 28.41 cm2/g for La0–La5, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum values of LAC were obtained at 15 keV and 10 MeV, respectively with values of 91.82 and 0.107 cm−1, 94.67 and 0.108 cm−1, 98.55 and 0.111 cm−1, 101.62 and 0.113 cm−1, 105.22 and 0.115 cm−1, 107.96 and 0.116 cm−1. Values of HVL and MFP were varied according to the order (La5)HVL < (La4)HVL < (La3)HVL < (La2)HVL < (La1)HVL < (La0)HVL for all energies. The Zeff values were found to be maximum at 0.06 MeV and varied from 29.08 to 30.28 for La0 to La5, while the least values of Zeff were recorded at 1.5 MeV and varied from 14.88 to 15.53 for La0 to La5 samples. The buildup factors (B) at 15 MeV followed the trend (La0)B < (La1)B < (La2)B < (La3)B < (La4)B < (La5)B. The values of Rfor fast neutrons were 0.0911, 0.0989, 0.1078, 0.1157, 0.1242, and 0.1316 cm−1 for La0– La5, respectively. The maximum range of proton was obtained at the maximum kinetic energy (10 MeV) having the values: 0.574, 0.569, 0.559, 0.553, 0.544, and 0.540 mm for La0– La5, respectively. Therefore, the increase of La3+ doping in La0–La5 samples has a positive influence on their radiation shielding capability. It can be concluded that, La0–La5 samples can attenuate photons, neutrons, alpha particles, and protons and as such, they can be applied successfully in nuclear shielding applications.Item Responsibility of Bi2O3 Content in Photon, Alpha, Proton, Fast and Thermal Neutron Shielding Capacity and Elastic Moduli of ZnO/ B2O3/Bi2O3 Glasses(SPRINGER, 2021) Rammah, Y. S., El-Agawany, F. I., Gamal, A.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Ahmed, E. M., & Abouhaswa, A. S.The effect of Bi2O3 content on photon, alpha particle, proton, fast and thermal neutron shielding capacity, and elastic moduli of 10ZnO-(90-x)B2O3-xBi2O3 (ZBB-glasses): x = 25–50 mol% has been investigated. The mass density and Bi-content of the ZBB-glasses had the greatest impact on the values of mass and linear attenuation coefficients. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients values were followed the trend (ZBB25)MAC,LAC < (ZBB30) MAC,LAC < (ZBB35) MAC,LAC < (ZBB40) MAC,LAC < (ZBB45) MAC,LAC < (ZBB50) MAC,LAC. The mean free path (MFP) and half value layer (HVL) were having the same trend and opposite to which obtained in mass and linear attenuation coefficients. All the ZBB-glasses showed almost similar charged particle shielding capacity. However, ZBB50 had a comparable charged particle absorption efficiency. There was a 57% growth in fast neutron removal cross section as Bi2O3 molar concentration increased to 50% in the ZBB-glass matrix. ZBB50 possesses the highest fast neutron removal cross section among the ZBB-glasses. In terms of thermal neutron absorbing capacity, the presence of B in the glass matrix ensures that the ZBB-glasses are good thermal neutron absorption. ZBB25 has the highest thermal neutron absorption capacity among the investigated glasses. Generally, ZBB-glasses can be adopted for photon, thermal neutron, proton, and alpha particle shielding purposes. In addition, elastic (shear, longitudinal, and Young’s) moduli and Poisson’s ratio are changed significantly with the increase of Bi2O3 content mol% in ZBB-glasses.Item Effect of Nd3+ ions on radiation attenuation properties of PbF2 – TeO2 – WO3 glass system for shielding applications.(ELSEVIER, 2021) Buriahi, M. S.,; Alomairy, S., Mutuwong, C., Boukhris, I.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Tonguç, B. T.Item A comprehensive investigation on the role of PbO in the structural and radiation shielding attribute of P2O5 – CaO – Na2O – K2O – PbO glass system.(SPRINGER, 2021) Al-Harbi, N., Sayyed, M. I., Kumar, A., Mahmoud, K. A.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Alhuthali, A. M., & Al-HadeethiThis study presents the synthesis, physical, structural and gamma-ray shielding characteristics of 40P2O5–20CaO–(30-x)Na2O-10K2O–xPbO (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol%) glasses. The glass samples coded as PbCKNP1, PbCKNP2, PbCKNP3, PbCKNP4, and PbCKNP5 were prepared using the melt quench method. Na2O substitution by PbO influenced the molar volume and mass density of the glasses. Structural analysis of the glasses using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed amorphous structure. The photon shielding parameters of the glasses examined via the Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) revealed that the glasses’ shielding ability improved as PbO content increased. The highest simulated linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) achieved at 0.015 MeV increased from 21.46 to 159.07 cm-1 as the PbO concentration increased from 0 and 20 mol%. The LAC for all fabricated glass samples showed an exponential reduction trend with gamma photon energy. Based on the simulated LAC values, calculated mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), transmission factor (TF), and radiation shielding capacity (RSC), PbCKNP5 possessed the best gamma-ray protection ability among the investigated glasses.Item Ge20Se80-xBix (x £ 12) chalcogenide glasses for infrared and gamma sensing applications: structural, optical and gamma attenuation aspect(SPRINGER, 2021) Kebaili, I., Znaidia, S., Alzahrani, J. S., Alothman, M. A., Boukhris, I.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Al-Buriahi, M. S.This research work represents the impact of adding bismuth on structural and optical properties of Ge20Se80-xBix (0\x\12) chalcogenide glasses. The fundamental experimental measurements are used to evaluate several structural and optical parameters such as the density, molar volume, excess volume, optical bandgap, free volume percentage, the compactness, and packing factor. The results show that as the bismuth content increased from 0 to 12 at. %, the compactness, the optical bandgap, and packing density decreased, whereas the density, molar volume, excess volume and free volume percentage increased. Additionally, Monte Carlo technique is employed to estimate gamma-ray attenuation ability (GAA) of the Ge20Se80-xBix (0\x\12) chalcogenide glasses. The GAA initially decreases with energy for energies up to 6 meV and then increases throughout the remaining part of the energy spectrum. The highest half value layer was obtained at energy of 6 meV with values equal to 4.544, 4.185, 4.029, 3.886, 3.754, 3.631 cm for x = 0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, respectively. Comparatively, the samples with x = 10 and x = 12 possess superior photon shielding properties compared to the other materials except AFZT5. TItem Estimation of Soil-To-Plant Transfer Factors For 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs Radionuclides For Some Selected Medicinal Plants in Some Part of Minna And Kaduna, Nigeria.(2021) Adeleke, F. E.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Idris, M. M., & Isah, K. U.This study was carried out in some part of Minna (River basin (9.66667oN, 6.55000oE) and Mekunkele (9.5836oN, 6.5463oE)) and Kaduna (Mando (10.590030oN, 7.430019oE) and Kachia (9.8734oN, 7.9552oE)) were Moringa leave, Goat weed, Ginger, and Turmeric are mostly grown in Northern Nigeria. Eleven samples of the medicinal plants comprising of three samples each of Moringa leave, Goat weed, Ginger and two sample of Turmeric, and eleven soil samples of corresponding area where the medicinal plant are grown, were analysed for activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides using HPGe gamma spectrometry. The average annual committed effective dose (AACED) due to the ingestion of radionuclides from medicinal plants were also estimated. The Annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) for soil sample radiological assessment was estimated. The activity concentrations 238U, 232Th, and 40K were found to vary in the range of 9.512 to 58.984 Bqkg-1, 17.852 to 71.972 Bq kg-1, and 309.836 to 729.451 Bqkg-1, respectively, in the soil samples and 1.343 to 10.367 Bqkg-1, 5.215 to 13.752 Bq Kg-1, and 11.700 to 239.765 Bq kg-1, respectively, in the medicinal plants corresponding to the soil samples. The activity concentration of artificially produced radionuclide 137Cs was BDL to 0.062 Bqkg-1 in the soil and it was below detectable level (BDL) in all the plant samples. The soil to plant transfer factors (TF) varied from 0.330 to 1.089 Bq Kg-1, 0.067 to 0.762 Bq Kg-1 and 0.0740 to 0.318 Bq kg-1, respectively, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The AACED due to the ingestion of radionuclides from the medicinal plants varied from 0.0107 to 0.0542 mSvy-1. The AEDE estimated for soil samples vary between 0.0358 to 0.1279 mSv y-1. The reported AACED and AEDE values in this study are much below the world average value of 0.30 mSv y-1 and ICRP recommended safe limit of 1mSv y-1 for an individual respectively. This indicates that it is safe to use these plants for medicinal purposes as there is no radiological health risk attached to the plant and members of the public. This study may also contribute data on local medicinal plants to formulate regulations related to radiological healthcare.Item Assessment of gamma-radiation attenuation characteristics of Bi2O3 – B2O3 – SiO2 – Na2O glasses using Geant4 simulation code.(SPRINGER, 2021) Sayyed, M. I.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Elsafi, M.This work aims to study the radiation shielding properties of Bi2O3–B2O3–SiO2–Na2O glasses (coded as BBS-glasses) using the Geant4 simulation and to determine the effect of the Bi2O3 content on the attenuation capability of the glasses. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of BBS-glasses was estimated by the Monte Carlo simulations in Geant4, and the simulated results were validated by XCOM software. The maximum relative difference between the two approaches throughout the considered gamma-ray energies was 1.05, 1.20, 1.40, 1.52, 1.21, and 1.5%, respectively, for BBS-0–BBS-5, which means that MACestimated through the Geant4 simulation and XCOM are in good agreement; hence, the simulation results are accurate. At each investigated energy, the linear attenuation coefficient value increases with Bi2O3 as a result of the higher molecular weight of Bi2O3, hence higher electron–photon interactions. The effective atomic number varies from 7.65–9.37, 19.64–66.66, 29.01–73.92, 36.54–76.76, 42.72–78.29, and 47.89–79.23 for BBS-0–BBS-5, respectively. The half value layer for the selected glasses followed the trend: (HVL)BBS-5 <(HVL)BBS-4<(HVL)BBS-3 <(HVL)BBS-2 <(HVL)BBS-1 <(HVL)BBS-0. The transmission factor reduces as the thickness of the glasses increases, and the Bi2O3 content in the glasses greatly improved their photon shielding and protection ability. The comparison between the mean free path of the selected glasses with other materials revealed that BBS-5 is a better photon shield than BC and RS-360 commercial glass shieldsItem Investigation of Er3+ ions reinforced zinc-phosphate glasses for ionizing radiation shielding applications.(MDPI, 2021) Zakaly, H. M., Ene, A.,; OLARINOYE, OYELEKE; Marzouk, S. Y., Abdel-Hafez, S. H., Shams, M. S., & Rammah, Y. S.Melt quenching technique is used for preparing glasses with chemical formula (70P2O5) (16 x)CdO–(14ZnO)–(xEr2O3), (x = 1–6 mol%). These glasses were named Er1, Er2, Er3, Er4, Er5, and Er6, respectively. Photon buildup factors, fast neutron absorption, and electron stopping of the prepared glasses were examined. Glasses’ density was varied from 3.390 0.003 for the Er1 glass sample to 3.412 0.003 for the Er6 glass sample. The Buildup factor (BUF) spectra have relatively higher values in the Compton Scattering (CS) dominated areas compared to both Photoelectric effect (PE), and Pair Production (PP) dominated energy regions. The highest BUF appeared at the Er atom K-absorption edge, whose intensity increases as the molar concentration of Er2O3 in the glasses increases. The photon absorption efficiency (PAE) of the glasses increases according to the trend (PAE)Er1 < (PAE)Er2 < (PAE)Er3 < (PAE)Er4 < (PAE)Er5 < (PAE)Er6. Fast neutron removal cross-section, FNRC( )values ftheglassesobtainedviacalculation varied from 0.1045–0.1039 cm 1 for Er1–Er6. Furthermore, the continuous slowing down approximation mode (CSDA) range enhances the kinetic energy of electrons for all glasses. Generally, results revealed that the investigated glasses could be applied for radiation shielding and dosimetric media.