Chemical Engineering
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Chemical Engineering
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Item Biogas Production from Rumen, Municipal and Co-Digested Substrates: An Opportunity for Small and Medium Scale Entrepreneurs (SME)(APWEN International conference (a division of NSE) Kano, 2017-09) Habibu, Uthman; Musa, Michael Adeiza; Eterigho, E. J.Comparative study of anaerobic digestion of Rumen, municipal w a s t e and co-digested feedstock was investigated. 10kg each of rumen, municipal waste and co-digested feedstock each was used in a 30 litres anaerobic digester. The digester was loaded batch wise for 3 0 retention day runs up to 80% volume of the digester nominal volume. The cumulative biogas production was recorded as 181900, 217350 and 180250 ml/g VS-1 respectively. Methane composition of the various biogas was 56.42, 55.81 and 58.820 % untreated biogas samples. The treated s c r u b b e d water produced a burning gas with m e t h a n e composition 84.08,51.54 and 95.518 % respectively for the feedstock. Co-digested s u b s t r a t e d o e s n o t actually have any significant effect on production and composition of the gas produce. Since waste raise a major environmental concern, these simple steps could be exploited by small and m e d i u m scale entrepreneurs (SME), an alternative to convert waste into fuel that c a n be tremendously useful as renewable fuel source especially for domestic and industrial use.Item Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Prepared from Solid Sulphates by Non-aqueous Method(Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), 2017) Eterigho, Elizabeth J. Eterigho; Farrow, T. S.; Ejejigbe, S. E.Non-crystallinesulphated zirconia catalysts were synthesised by a non-aqueous and non-conventional method. The effect of varying the molar ratio of sulphating agent to zirconium source was also investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Infra-red Spectroscopy (IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The surface acidity was measured by the Pyridine-DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) technique. The structural and textural properties of the sulphated zirconia were studied. The EDX and XPS profiles suggested that both sulphated zirconia catalysts have similar zirconia and sulphate structures; however, both catalysts were amorphous. Deconvolution of their XPS O 1s spectra showed that the samples contained both oxide oxygen of zirconium and sulphate oxygen, which sample I showed a higher amount of sulphate oxygen. Adsorption of pyridine into the samples indicated that the higher amounts of Brönsted acid sites are presented in sample I with lower amount of sulphate during preparation. This opens up the possibility of controlling the degree and type of active sites on a catalyst by the amount of sulphate used for preparation. Sulphated zirconia catalyst with higher activity properties was achieved via a non-aqueous, environmentally friendly method. The zirconia catalyst has great contribution towards energy production which is used for preparation and transesterification of fatty acids for production of biodieselItem Transesterification of waste frying oil to methyl ester using activated Carbon supported Mg-Zn oxide as solid-base catalyst(1st International Engineering Conference (IEC) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, 2015) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Suleiman, B.; Adeniyi, O. D.; Mohammed, I. A.; Musa, U.An activated carbon-supported Mg-Zn catalyst (Mg-Zn/AC) was prepared by using co-precipitation combined with incipient wetness impregnation methods. The catalyst structure was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), its microstructure was studied by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and the catalytic performance toward synthesis of methyl esters from waste frying oil (WFO) was investigated. The properties studied provided insight into the catalytic performance of the catalyst whereby the large surface area and pore volume of the support facilitated the distribution of metal particles and high dispersion of metals. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained by varying parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst loading, temperature and time. Under the conditions of reaction time of 5 h, temperature, 150 °C and catalyst dosage of 2.5 wt%, the methyl ester yield of >86% was achieved using 64 g of WFO, 38 g of methanol. The results showed that Mg-Zn/AC catalyst presented efficient activity during the transesterification reaction and is a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the production biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil feedstock.Item Agriculture by-product: A Source for the Production of Biogas(Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2015-04) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Farrow T. S.Agricultural by-products, rice husk and maize bran were used anaerobically in this study to produce biogas. The suitability of these substrates as source of biogas and comparative study of the two substrates were investigated. Various analyses were carried out to determine the ash content, moisture content, volatile solids and fixed carbon content present in each substrate. The biogas produced was analysed using a gas chromatograph and was found to contain oxygen, nitrogen and methane in various proportions. From the results of the analyses, rice husk produced a larger volume of gas than the maize bran, though the maize bran's gas has a higher content of methane than that of rice husk (about 60.90%). The experiment was carried out under mesophilic temperature range and a pH of 6.2 - 7.6Item Alternative Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Triglycerides using Sulphated Zirconia(Nigerian Journal of Technological Research (NJTR), 2013) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Lee, J. G. M.; Harvey, A. P.Sulphated zirconia (SZ) was synthesized using two different methods with the same molar ratio (1:6) of reactants: (1) the direct mixing of ZrOCl.8H20 and (NH4),SO4, designated as SZ,; and (2) via the conventional wet-precipitation method with a molar ratio of l:6 rather than the conventional 15 ml H2SO4 to Ig of Zr(OH)4, denoted by (SZ,). The catalysts physiochemical properties were precisely characterized by FTIR, SEM, X-ray diffraction, EDX, XPS, and Py-DRIFTS techniques. The two methods of preparation with same molar ratio of sulphating agents led to sulphated zirconia that exhibited different morphological and structural properties in terms of specific surface areas, thermal stability, acid sites, and surface sulphate. The catalysts activity was tested in thermocatalytic cracking of triglyceride; a direct conversion process for fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). The SZ not only exhibited higher conversion of triglycerides but higher fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) yield of approximately 59% after 3h as compared to SZ, (32%). In addition, the sulphated zirconia, SZ, was selective towards unsaturated esters whereas SZ, was selective towards saturated esters.Item Reactive-extraction of pongamia seeds for biodiesel production(Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research (J SCI IND RES), 2012-11-17) Porwala, Jyoti; Garga, M. O.; Savita Kaul; Harvey, A. P.; Lee, J. G. M.; Kasim, F. H.; Eterigho, E. J.; Bangwala, DineshBiodiesel (FAME) was produced from Pongamia seeds (commonly known as Karanja) by reactive-extraction. Reactiveextraction involves contacting ground seeds directly with alcohol and catalyst i.e. without intervening extraction of the vegetable oil. This process has the potential to reduce cost by removing the need for capital and running cost-intensive steps such as oil extraction of seeds. Reaction parameters such as seed size (>2 mm to <1 mm), seed/solvent ratio (wt/wt) (1:2-1:4), temperature (30-60oC) and rate of mixing (250-550 rpm) were studied. The maximum 98.5% conversion to biodiesel was achieved at: seed size (<1 mm), seed/solvent ratio (wt/wt) (1:4), rate of mixing (550 rpm) at 60 oC for 1 hr with 0.1 M catalyst (KOH) concentration, meeting International (ASTM) as well as National (BIS) specificationsItem Development of Mathematical Model for the Assessment of Hydrogen Sulphide Pollutant in the Air(Journal of Research in Engineering (JRIE), 2008) Olutoye, M. A.; Eterigho, Elizabeth JumokeThis work is aimed at developing a mathematical model to determine the concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide pollutant in air from the gas flare of a refinery. To achieve this, experimental data on concentration of Hydrogen Sulphide from Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company Nigeria were collected and the dispersion model was developed based on Gaussian distribution principle. The simulation of the model was carried out using visual basic programming. It was observed from the simulated result that the gas dispersion model developed for Hydrogen Sulphide showed a remarkable agreement with the dispersion pattern, and agrees with the experimental results with a correlation co efficient of 0.98. Thus, the model can be used to determine the safe distance for human habitation from an industrial area and the refinery in particular.Item Catalytic Cracking of Tryglyceride by Sulphated Zirconia for Fatty Aciud Methyl Ester with High Selectivity(American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annaul Conference meeting, Minneapolis, MN, United State, 2010-07-21) Eterigho, Elizabeth Jumoke; Lee, Jon G. M.; Harvey, Adam P.Conventional wet-precipitation method was used to synthesis sulphated zirconia using two different molar ratios of sulphating agents. (1) the first was using a molar ratio of 1: 45 of ZrOCl2.8H20 impregnated with 1 M H2SO4, (wp) and (2) a molar ratio of 1: 6 was used for the modified conventional wet-precipitation method, (wp). The properties of both catalysts were examined by various techniques: EDX, XPS, FTIR, SEM, XRDP, Py-DRIFTS and BET nitrogen adsorption techniques. The variation in the molar ratio of the sulphating agent used during preparation led to sulphated zirconia that exhibited different properties in terms of specific surface areas, acid sites, thermal stability and surface sulphate. Both catalysts were catalytically active for triglycerides cracking for fatty acid methyl esters in a thermocatalytic reaction. The SZ not only exhibited higher conversion of triglycerides but higher FAMEs yield, approximately 50% after 3 h, as compared to SZ2 (39%). Interestingly, SZ1 was selective towards unsaturated esters whereas SZ2 was towards saturated esters.